Radiology Lectures | Radquarters

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of endometrial polyps! Key teaching points include: Endometrial polyps are benign hyperplastic overgrowths of endometrial tissue. Sessile or pedunculated, can cause endometrial thickening. Often asymptomatic, may cause abnormal uterine bleeding or be associated with infertility. US appearance: Focal, echogenic, round or ovoid. Often be...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of gout! Key teaching points include: Gout is a crystal arthropathy due to monosodium urate crystal deposition in and around joints Most common in males over age 40 Risk factors: Metabolic (hyperuricemia, obesity, diabetes, hypertension), renal (chronic kidney disease), dietary (high purine foods, sugary drinks, alcohol), and genetic (...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of choledocholithiasis (common bile duct stones)! Key teaching points include: Choledocholithiasis = Stones within common bile duct (CBD) Seen in up to 15% of patients with cholelithiasis Clinical presentation: Asymptomatic, biliary colic, cholangitis, pancreatitis, jaundice On ultrasound, see rounded stone or stones in CBD Shadowing o...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia! Key teaching points include: Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the second most common benign liver tumor after hemangioma Most common in women of reproductive age with highest incidence between the ages of 20-50. Female to male predilection 8:1 No association with oral con...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearanceof intersection syndrome, a friction tenosynovitis at the forearm and wrist! Key teaching points include: Intersection syndrome is an overuse tenosynovitis(inflammation of tendon and tendon sheath) secondary to repetitive friction at site of intersection Proximal intersection syndrome: Occurs at musculotendinous junctions of first exten...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath! Key teaching points include: AKA tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized nodular tenosynovitis 2nd most common mass of hand & wrist after ganglion cyst Most common at volar aspect of first 3 digits. Less commonly at wrist, ankle, foot, knee On ultrasound, usually homogeneously hypoechoic w...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound and CT appearance of submandibular stone disease, together with floor of mouth anatomy! Key teaching points include: Submandibular glands are paired salivary glands located inferior to body of mandible Submandibular glands are intermediate in size compared to the larger parotid and smaller sublingual glands, and they do not contain lymph nodes Th...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of trigger finger! Key teaching points include: Pulleys are fibrous retinacula on ventral finger that secure flexor tendons to phalanges preventing tendon displacement and bowstringing with finger flexion Finger has 5 annular pulleys. Odd-numbered at joints, even-numbered at phalanges: A1, A3, A5 are located about the MCP, PIP, DIP joi...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess! Key teaching points include: Hydrosalpinx = Fluid-filled, blocked fallopian tube Hydrosalpinx causes: Pelvic inflammatory disease (most common), endometriosis, prior surgery, adhesions Hydrosalpinx US: Thin-walled, tubular structure filled with anechoic simple fluid. Dilated tube ma...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder! Key teaching points include: Common cause of benign gallbladder wall thickening seen in up to 9% of patients Incidence increases with age Usually asymptomatic, but may be associated with sporadic RUQ pain Hyperplastic changes of gallbladder wall with mucosal overgrowth. Mucosal herniations protrud...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis! Key teaching points include: Stenosing tenosynovitis of first extensor compartment tendons = Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) Second most common hand entrapment tendinopathy after trigger finger Most common in middle-aged females Associations include repetitive hand motio...

In this radiology lecture, we review the contrast-enhanced ultrasound appearance of hepatic hemangioma! Key teaching points include: Microbubble contrast agents are gas-filled microspheres with a lipid or protein shell Sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microspheres: Inert gas of six fluoride atoms bound to one sulfur atom, surrounded by a phospholipid shell Similar in size to red blood cells, uniqu...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of tennis leg, including medial gastrocnemius and plantaris injury! Key teaching points include: Tennis leg = Injury to muscles of the calf. Tear of myotendinous junction of medial head of gastrocnemius, rupture of plantaris tendon (less common), in isolation or together Classically described in tennis players, but can occur in various...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of interstitial ectopic pregnancy! Key teaching points include: Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are rare, occurring in proximal (interstitial) portion of fallopian tube within muscle wall of uterus Much less common than tubal ectopic pregnancy occurring in the more distal ampullary and isthmic portions of fallopian tube Interstitial e...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma! Key teaching points include: Serous cystadenocarcinoma is the common ovarian malignancy and most common ovarian epithelial tumor High-grade and low-grade types Peak incidence 6th-7th decades Ultrasound appearance: Mixed cystic and solid mass with papillary projections and thick septations Elevated...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of parathyroid adenoma! Key teaching points include: Benign tumor of the parathyroid glands Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism: Elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels Ultrasound: Solid, homogeneous and very hypoechoic. Oval or bean-shaped, long axis oriented craniocaudal. Hypervascular. Majority poste...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of parotitis in the pediatric population! Key teaching points include: Parotitis = Inflammation of the parotid glands Acute parotitis is usually infectious, most commonly viral Mumps is most common viral cause in children, often bilateral Bacterial parotitis can cause suppurative parotitis seen in premature infants and immunosuppressed...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of sublingual dermoid cyst and explain floor of mouth anatomy! Key teaching points include: The floor of the mouth is a horseshoe-shaped area beneath tongue and in between sides of mandible, inferiorly bounded by mylohyoid muscle, and containing sublingual space (SLS) SLS medial border: Midline genioglossus/geniohyoid muscle complex; S...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome! Key teaching points include: Most common upper extremity entrapment neuropathy. Results from median nerve compression With carpal tunnel syndrome, see hypoechoic enlargement of the median nerve as enters carpal tunnel with flattening of nerve = Notch sign, also volar bowing of flexor retinaculum Median nerve...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ganglion cysts while highlighting relevant wrist ultrasound anatomy! Key teaching points include: Ganglion cysts are viscous, mucin-filled collections lacking a synovial lining Most commonly occur at hand/wrist = Most common wrist mass Location: Dorsum of wrist (60%), frequently adjacent to scapholunate ligament; volar wrist (20%),...

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of acute epididymitis and orchitis! Key teaching points include: Epididymitis = Inflammation of epididymis. Usually bacterial, most commonly due to retrograde ascent from bladder or prostate. Causative infectious agent varies based on age: Adults younger than 35: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis (STDs). Adults older than 35...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of acute cholecystitis, including gangrenous and emphysematous cholecystitis! Key teaching points include: Acute cholecystitis = Acute gallbladder inflammation. Most often (95%) caused by an impacted, obstructing gallstone in the cystic duct or gallbladder neck = Acute calculous cholecystitis. Clinically presents as persistent RUQ pain...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ileocolic and small bowel-small bowel intussusception in children! Key teaching points include: Intussusception occurs when bowel is pulled into itself or into neighboring bowel. Intussusceptum is the prolapsing bowel pulled into intussuscipiens which receives the bowel. Two major types: Ileocolic and small bowel-small bowel. If ile...

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)! Key teaching points include: PCOS often presents with the clinical triad of oligomenorrhea and/or anovulation, hirsutism, and obesity. Associated with subfertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Rotterdam criteria (2003) states that PCOS diagnosis requires at least two of the following: Oligo- or a...