Unmarked Exits

Adolf Eichmann helped orchestrate the Holocaust. When he was finally captured and tried in Jerusalem, he seemed… ordinary. Boring. A bureaucrat who spoke in clichés. In this episode, we explore Hannah Arendt’s controversial report on the trial and her concept of “the banality of evil.” Eichmann wasn’t a monster or a fanatic. He was a careerist who didn’t think about what he was doing. The evil he...

How many people would deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger just because an authority figure told them to? In this episode, we explore Stanley Milgram’s famous, and controversial, experiments on obedience. Participants were instructed to administer escalating shocks to a learner who gave wrong answers. The shocks weren’t real. But the participants didn’t know that, and most delivered what...

A greengrocer puts a sign in his window: “Workers of the world, unite!” He doesn’t believe it. Nobody believes it. Everybody knows nobody believes it. But the sign stays up. Why? In this episode, we explore Havel’s essay on how totalitarian systems maintain themselves not through true believers but through ritual compliance. The greengrocer isn’t expressing conviction. He’s signalling that he will...

What happens when machines can do everything better than humans? Not unemployment exactly. There will always be make-work. But something worse: the knowledge that you’re not needed. In this episode, we explore Vonnegut’s first novel, published in 1952 but describing our future. A society where engineers and managers live in comfort while everyone else is assigned to the army or public works. Not b...

Freedom should feel good. So why do so many people run from it into the arms of authoritarianism? In this episode, we explore Erich Fromm’s psychological study of fascism, written in 1941, trying to understand how Germany happened. His answer: modern life gives us freedom but also isolation, anxiety, powerlessness. Faced with the burden of self-determination, many people would rather surrender to...

Technology isn’t just machines. It’s a way of thinking: the relentless pursuit of the most efficient means. And this way of thinking, Ellul argues, has become autonomous. It no longer serves human ends. We serve it. In this episode, we explore Ellul’s prophetic 1954 work on technique: his term for the totality of methods rationally arrived at for efficiency in every field of human activity. Techni...

Prisons seem obvious: you do something wrong, you get locked up. But prisons as we know them are only about 200 years old. Before that, punishment was public spectacle: torture, execution, branding. What changed? In this episode, we explore Foucault’s history of how modern society learned to produce “docile bodies.” The prison isn’t just a building. It’s a model. The same principles of surveillanc...

We think of technology as neutral. Just tools we choose to use. But what if the logic of efficiency and standardisation has quietly reshaped how we think, work, and obey? In this episode, we explore Herbert Marcuse’s argument that modern society has traded critical thinking for compliance. Once, rationality meant questioning authority. Now it means fitting seamlessly into the machine. From the fac...

Most media criticism assumes television could be better. What if television, as a technology, is inherently destructive? What if the only solution is elimination? In this episode, we explore Jerry Mander's radical argument: four interconnected cases against the medium itself. Not bad programmes, but the medium. He argues that television colonizes experience, replaces reality with images, centr...

Your attention is the product. Every app, every platform, every notification is designed to capture and extract it. So what would it mean to do nothing? In this episode, we explore Jenny Odell's meditation on attention, place, and resistance. Doing nothing isn't passivity. It's refusal. It's looking at the bird instead of the phone. It's insisting on a self that can't be op...

What if surveillance wasn't imposed on you? What if you demanded it? What if total transparency felt like freedom? In this episode, we explore Eggers' novel about a young woman who joins a tech company that combines the worst aspects of Google, Facebook, and a cult. The Circle's motto: "Secrets are lies. Sharing is caring. Privacy is theft." The horror of The Circle isn't t...

The white noise is always there: the hum of appliances, the murmur of television, the constant low-frequency buzz of modern life. What if that noise is the sound of contemporary existence itself? In this episode, we explore DeLillo's novel about a professor of Hitler studies, his blended family, and an "airborne toxic event" that forces them to confront mortality. Except mortality is i...

A man wakes up and discovers that the world is run by aliens. They're everywhere: politicians, police, executives. They control humanity through subliminal messages in advertisements: OBEY. CONSUME. SLEEP. In this episode, we explore Ray Nelson's 1963 short story that John Carpenter later adapted into the cult film They Live. It's pulp science fiction with a sharp political edge. The a...

"I'm mad as hell, and I'm not going to take it anymore!" In this episode, we explore Paddy Chayefsky's screenplay for Network: a satire about a news anchor who has a breakdown on air and is transformed into an entertainment phenomenon. The network doesn't cancel him. They exploit him. Made in 1976, it was dismissed as over-the-top. Now it looks like understatement. Reality...

What's the difference between a news event and a pseudo-event? A news event happens. A pseudo-event is staged to be reported. In this episode, we explore Boorstin's 1962 study of how American life became increasingly dominated by manufactured reality. Press conferences, celebrity culture, tourist attractions, political campaigns: all designed not to be experiences but to be images of exper...

A wrestling match is fake, and everyone knows it. So why do people watch? Because it's not about athletic competition. It's about the spectacle of justice, performed in exaggerated bodies. In this episode, we explore Barthes' collection of short essays decoding French popular culture: wrestling, steak and chips, soap advertisements, plastic, the face of Greta Garbo. Each essay peels ba...

There was a time when companies made products. Then they discovered it was more profitable to make brands. Products can be manufactured anywhere. Brands are pure image. In this episode, we explore Naomi Klein's landmark study of how corporations colonized public space, culture, and identity itself. Nike doesn't sell shoes. It sells the idea of athletic transcendence. Starbucks doesn't...

What makes an original artwork special? Something Benjamin called "aura": its unique presence in time and space, its unrepeatable existence. But what happens when perfect copies become possible?  In this episode, we explore Benjamin's famous essay on how photography and film changed art forever. Reproduction destroys aura, but it also democratizes access. Art leaves the realm of ritua...

Orwell feared the banning of books. Huxley feared there would be no reason to ban them. Postman argues Huxley was right. In this episode, we explore how television changed not just what we think about, but how we think. Postman's argument isn't that TV shows bad content. It's that television as a medium is structurally incapable of supporting serious discourse. Everything becomes enter...

Orwell feared the banning of books. Huxley feared there would be no reason to ban them. Postman argues Huxley was right. In this episode, we explore how television changed not just what we think about, but how we think. Postman's argument isn't that TV shows bad content. It's that television as a medium is structurally incapable of supporting serious discourse. Everything becomes enter...

"The medium is the message." You've heard the phrase. But what does it actually mean? In this episode, we explore McLuhan's provocative, chaotic, often contradictory masterwork. His argument: we focus too much on what media contain and miss how they reshape us. Television didn't just broadcast new content. It rewired how people think, feel, and relate. McLuhan saw the internet...

Before you can critique what images show, you have to understand how seeing works. And seeing is never neutral. In this episode, we explore John Berger's revolutionary series of essays, originally a BBC programme, that changed how we think about art, advertising, and visual culture. Berger shows how oil painting served property relations, how publicity images manipulate our sense of lack, and...

What if there is no reality behind the images? What if the copy has replaced the original so completely that asking what's "real" has become meaningless? In this episode, we explore Baudrillard's most famous work: the book Neo carries in The Matrix, hollowed out to hide contraband. Appropriate, since Baudrillard argues we're all living in something like the Matrix, except there...

"All that once was directly lived has become mere representation." Debord wrote that in 1967. Every year since, it has become more true. In this episode, we explore The Society of the Spectacle: a book that predicted Instagram, reality television, and political theatre decades before they existed. Debord argues that modern society has replaced lived experience with its representation. We d...

Welcome to season two of Unmarked Exits: The Image World. This season, we're exploring spectacle, media, and the construction of reality itself. You think you're relaxing when you watch a film, listen to music, or scroll through content. But what if entertainment is work: the work of adjusting you to the system? In this episode, we explore Adorno and Horkheimer's devastating critique o...