Boundless Biology by Lukas Waller

C4 Plants Examples : Maize, sugarcane, sorghum. Adaptation : Found in hot, dry environments to minimize photorespiration. Key Enzyme : PEP carboxylase , which has a high affinity for CO₂ and does not react with O₂, reducing photorespiration. Pathway: CO₂ + PEP (3C) → Oxaloacetate (4C) → Malate (4C) . Malate is transported to bundle-sheath cells, where CO₂ is released for the Calvin cycle. CAM (Cra...

Location: Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Phases of the Calvin Cycle : Carbon Fixation : Reduction Phase : Regeneration of RuBP : Key Enzyme : RuBisCO is the primary enzyme, acting as both a carboxylase and an oxygenase . Can bind to CO₂ (carboxylation) or O₂ (oxygenation), the latter leading to photorespiration , which reduces efficiency. Energy Requirement : For each full turn of t...

Things To Remember Cyclic Photophosphorylation occurs as a means to produce additional ATP rather than ATP and NADPH. This is because the Calvin Cycle (next episode) requires more ATP than NADPH. PSI = Photosystem 1, PSII = Photosystem 2 Diagrams Noncyclic Photophosphorylation: ⁠https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/faeb1179a538a3a8106fa5f3b9bd90c92f9834a7.png⁠ Cyclic Photophosphorylation: ht...

Key Terms, try drawing these out. A) Leaf Anatomy palisade layer cuticle layer spongy layer vascular bundle (xylem/phloem) stomata guard cells epidermis (upper/lower) B) Chloroplast Anatomy membrane (inner/IMS/outer) thylakoid membrane thylakoid lumen thylakoid lamella granum C) When do stomata open and how do they do so? Topics not covered in-depth: Sunlight triggers [K+] ion movement which requi...