Pro-PA Podcast

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Aphthous Ulcers , also known as canker sores—painful, shallow lesions of the oral mucosa with an erythematous halo. You’ll learn about potential triggers including stress, nutritional deficiencies, and autoimmune conditions, differentiate them from other oral lesions, and review management strategies to reduce pai...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Angioedema , a localized, non-pitting swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucosa that can affect the face, lips, tongue, and airway. You’ll learn to distinguish between histamine-mediated and bradykinin-mediated causes, recognize signs of airway compromise, and explore acute management—from epinephrine...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Sinusitis , inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that may be acute, subacute, or chronic. You’ll learn how to differentiate viral from bacterial causes, recognize key symptoms such as facial pain, purulent nasal discharge, and congestion, and review evidence-based management—including when antibiotics are indicat...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Rhinitis , inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be allergic, nonallergic, or infectious in origin. You’ll learn to differentiate between these subtypes based on history and exam findings, identify common triggers, and explore treatment strategies ranging from allergen avoidance and antihistamines to intranas...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, discusses Nasal Polyps , benign inflammatory growths of the nasal mucosa often associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. You’ll learn how to recognize their characteristic pale, edematous appearance, understand underlying pathophysiology, and review management options in...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Epistaxis , one of the most common ENT emergencies. You’ll learn to differentiate anterior from posterior nosebleeds, identify common causes such as trauma, dry air, or hypertension, and review stepwise management—from direct pressure and topical vasoconstrictors to cautery and packing. We’ll also cover red flags...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Malignant Neoplasms of the head and neck, including squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and salivary gland malignancies. You’ll learn common risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, hallmark signs like persistent hoarseness or non-healing oral lesions, and the essentials of diagnosis, staging, and multidiscipl...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Benign Neoplasms of the head and neck, including common lesions such as papillomas, hemangiomas, and pleomorphic adenomas. You’ll learn to recognize typical presentations, understand the diagnostic approach, and explore management strategies—from observation to surgical excision—while keeping in mind the importan...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Hyphema , the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye—most often caused by blunt ocular trauma. You’ll learn how to recognize key signs, understand grading and potential complications such as increased intraocular pressure, and review initial management, including activity restriction, protective shie...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Globe Rupture , a vision-threatening ocular emergency caused by blunt or penetrating trauma to the eye. You’ll learn to recognize red flags such as a teardrop-shaped pupil, extrusion of ocular contents, or a positive Seidel sign, understand why manipulation of the eye must be avoided, and explore urgent managemen...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Corneal Abrasions , superficial scratches to the corneal epithelium often caused by trauma, foreign bodies, or contact lens use. You’ll learn hallmark symptoms such as acute eye pain, tearing, photophobia, and foreign body sensation, understand how to confirm the diagnosis with fluorescein staining, and review man...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Blowout Fractures , orbital floor fractures typically caused by blunt trauma to the eye. You’ll learn to recognize key signs such as diplopia with upward gaze, infraorbital numbness, and enophthalmos, understand the role of CT imaging in diagnosis, and explore initial management—including avoiding nose blowing an...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Barotrauma of the Ear , an injury caused by pressure changes that disrupt the normal function of the middle ear. You’ll learn how activities like flying, scuba diving, or rapid altitude shifts can lead to symptoms such as ear pain, hearing changes, and tinnitus. We’ll also review prevention strategies, initial man...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Throat Foreign Bodies , ranging from food impactions to accidentally ingested objects lodged in the oropharynx or upper esophagus. You’ll learn to recognize urgent symptoms like drooling, dysphagia, stridor, or respiratory distress, understand the initial evaluation—including airway assessment—and explore managem...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Nasal Foreign Bodies , a frequent issue in pediatrics that can present with unilateral nasal obstruction, foul-smelling discharge, or epistaxis. You’ll learn common object types, safe removal techniques—including positive pressure and instrumentation—and when to refer to ENT, especially for deep or high-risk objec...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Ear Foreign Bodies , a common presentation in pediatric and emergency settings. You’ll learn to identify symptoms such as ear pain, hearing loss, or drainage, understand safe removal techniques based on object type and location, and recognize when to avoid irrigation—such as with organic material or suspected tym...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, discusses Ocular Foreign Bodies , from superficial corneal debris to penetrating globe injuries. You’ll learn how to recognize symptoms like pain, tearing, photophobia, and foreign body sensation, perform a focused eye exam—including fluorescein staining—and understand safe removal techniques, red flags for globe rupture...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Hearing Loss , focusing on how to differentiate sensorineural from conductive causes. You’ll learn the key history clues, exam findings, and tuning fork test results (Weber and Rinne) that help pinpoint the location of the problem, along with common etiologies for each type and when urgent evaluation is warranted...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Tinnitus , the perception of sound—such as ringing, buzzing, or hissing—in the absence of an external source. You’ll learn to distinguish between subjective and objective tinnitus, identify common causes ranging from noise-induced hearing loss to vascular abnormalities, and review diagnostic evaluation and managem...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Mastoiditis , a serious complication of untreated or inadequately treated acute otitis media. You’ll learn to recognize hallmark signs such as postauricular tenderness, swelling, erythema, and protrusion of the auricle, understand the role of imaging in diagnosis, and explore urgent management strategies—includin...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, discusses Ménière Disease , an inner ear disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. You’ll learn about the suspected role of endolymphatic hydrops, common triggers, and how to manage acute attacks and reduce recurrence through dietary mod...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) , the most common cause of peripheral vertigo, triggered by changes in head position. You’ll learn how displaced otoconia in the semicircular canals cause brief, recurrent vertigo episodes, how to diagnose BPPV with the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, and how to treat it effecti...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, explores Vertigo , the sensation of motion—often spinning—when none is actually occurring. You’ll learn how to differentiate peripheral from central causes, identify key bedside exam findings, and recognize red flags that require urgent neuroimaging. We’ll also review common etiologies such as BPPV, Ménière disease, vest...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Labyrinthitis , an acute inflammation of the inner ear that affects both the vestibular and cochlear systems. You’ll learn to recognize hallmark symptoms such as sudden-onset vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus, understand the difference from vestibular neuritis, and explore management strategies including sympto...

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, covers Eustachian Tube Dysfunction , a condition where the tube connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx fails to open or close properly. You’ll learn how this leads to symptoms like ear fullness, muffled hearing, and discomfort with pressure changes, common triggers such as allergies or upper respiratory infections,...