You're Kidding, Right?

Intussusception is the telescoping of a proximal segment of bowel into the more distal bowel lumen. It is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in kids aged 5 months to 3 years, and is the most common abdominal emergency in children under 2 years of age.    Intussusception can present in a nonspecific manner, so it is vital for clinicians to consider it as a possibility for many types of...

Precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty - which is prior to the age of 8 years in girls, and 9 years in boys. It is more common in girls than in boys, and it is important to remember that girls are much more likely to have idiopathic precocious puberty than boys are (boys experiencing precocious puberty are much more likely to have a pathological cause).   Precocious puberty can be split...

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potential complication of prematurity, caused by development of abnormal vascularisation of the retina. The lower the birthweight and gestational age, the higher the risk of ROP.   Many cases of ROP require monitoring only, but some require further management by a specialist team.    You don't want to miss: An overview of ROP and its complications How to descr...

Summary:  Hypospadias is a not uncommon finding on a the baby check of a baby boy - there will be one in every 150-350 boys who have it. It is the finding of the urethral opening situated on the ventral side of the penile shaft, with varying levels of severity.   Most boys with hypospadias will require surgery to correct it.    You don't want to miss: Definition of hypospadias  When to refer What...

In clinical medicine we mostly use genetic testing to find genetic causes of a person's symptoms (such as developmental delay), prenatal carrier testing to determine the risk of two people having a child who will have certain recessive conditions and predictive testing looking for gene mutations that increase one's risk of developing a disease e.g. checking for BRCA mutations for breast and ovaria...

This mini episode covers erythema toxicum, AKA erythema toxicum neonatorum, toxic erythema of the newborn, and newborn rash. Erythema toxicum is a very common rash in newborns, especially term babies, and is benign and self resolving.  In this episode, we discuss: Typical features of the newborn rash Differential diagnoses to consider How to describe newborn rash to parents Histological features o...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, and amongst the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-aged children.  It is considered to be a developmental disorder of self regulation, and is characterised by inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Hyperactive and inattentive behaviours are common in children. In ADH...

Breath holding spells (sometimes called breath holding attacks) are reflexive events that usually occur in a crying child from about 6 months to 6 years. They present with apnoea and bradycardia and sometimes loss of consciousness. Occasionally they can also lead to a seizure. They are quite common but can be really frightening to onlookers. They affect about 1 in 20 children. You don't want to mi...

Poor growth is a really common issue in paediatrics. It used to mostly be called "failure to thrive" but we are generally moving away from this because it can be quite a distressing name for families. We say "poor growth" or "faltering growth". Essentially "poor growth" is used to describe children who are not growing as expected. You don't want to miss: A case Differentials for the causes of poor...

Vulvovaginitis is a very common gynaecological condition affecting girls aged 2-8 years. Although this usually resolves by the time of puberty, there may be several itchy episodes before it gets better.    You don't want to miss: How to describe vulvovaginitis to a patient The pathophysiology of vulvovaginitis How to diagnose and treat    Links and resources: Follow us on Instagram: https://www.in...

Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a term that encompasses all haemorrhagic diseases found in newborn babies. In this episode, we focus on vitamin K deficiency bleeding, a significant cause of haemorrhagic disease of the newborn.    You don't want to miss: A case How to describe HDN to a patient The pathophysiology of HDN How to diagnose and treat HDN The complications of HDN   Links and...

Balanitis (occasionally called Balanoposthitis) is an inflammation of the head of the penis (the 'glans'), that causes red, painful and often itchy skin. It is really common. Management ranges from trigger avoidance to oral antibiotics. In this episode we discuss: An overview of what balanitis is How it presents What causes it What investigations we do How we treat it Links and resources: Follow u...

Biliary atresia is a surgically treatable cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia encountered during the newborn period. It accounts for 50% of paediatric liver transplants.    You don't want to miss: A case How to describe biliary atresia to a parent The pathophysiology of biliary atresia - or what we know of it How to diagnose and treat  The short and long term complications   Links and resource...

With a few planned episodes on puberty-related disorders in the works, we take you through the normal puberty process as a baseline prior to the release of these episodes!   You don't want to miss: Some important definitions  A breakdown of the physiology related to puberty The sequence of puberty   Links and resources:   Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/yourekiddingright.pod/ and...

A BRUE (Brief Resolved Unexplained Event) is an event in an infant that is characterised by a marked change in either: Breathing Tone Colour Level of responsiveness Followed by a complete return to a baseline state, and that cannot be explained by a medical cause. A BRUE is a diagnosis of exclusion. In this episode we discuss: A case Diagnostic criteria Describing the condition to a patient Differ...

Seborrhoeic dermatitis (cradle cap) is a very common but benign skin condition in younger babies under the age of 3 months. It affects 70% of babies in some way by the age of 3 months.    You don't want to miss: What cradle cap is How to explain cradle cap to a parent The pathophysiology of cradle cap How to diagnose and treat cradle cap when required   Links and resources: Follow us on Instagram:...

1 in 20 children will have a seizure at some point in their life. Epilepsy is a diagnosis given when someone has recurrent seizures that are unprovoked. It affects 1 in 200 children.  You don't want to miss: A case How to describe epilepsy to a patient Seizure differentials Causes of seizures that you need to rule out The main types of seizures How to diagnose and treat (including seizure first ai...

The reflexes we cover today are the primitive neonatal reflexes that are replaced by meaningful movements usually by around 6 months of age, depending on the reflex. Listen in to find out what the neonatal reflexes are, which gestational age at which each one starts to develop, how to test for them, and when they should disappear by!   Links and resources: Follow us on Instagram: https://www.insta...

The number of people in Australia with an eating disorder at any given time is estimated to be 913,986, or approximately 4% of the population. Of these people, 47% have binge eating disorder, 12% have bulimia nervosa, 3% have anorexia nervosa and 38% have other eating disorders. You don't want to miss: A case An overview of the most common eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and bi...

Undescended testes are a common finding in neonates, affecting 1 in 20 term baby boys and up to a third of preterm baby boys. Thus, it is a high yield topic for anyone working with babies to know well.    You don't want to miss: Some statistics How to describe undescended testes to a patient How to examine a baby with possible undescended testes When to refer and when it is appropriate to wait  Th...

Summary:  Necrotising enterocolitis is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in neonates. It affects predominantly premature and very low birthweight babies, and smaller babies present later than do bigger babies.    You don't want to miss: A case How to describe necrotising enterocolitis to a parent The pathophysiology of necrotising enterocolitis How to diagnose and treat necrotising entero...

Head swellings are extremely common in the newborn period. Some are pretty harmless, and some require immediate admission to the neonatal ward. Let's go through the ones you need to know: caput succedaneum, cephalhaematoma, and subgaleal haemorrhage. Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/yourekiddingright.pod/ and  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/yourekiddingrightpod-107273607638323...

Intravenous fluids can be daunting, and for good reason - more adverse events are reported from IV fluids than any other drug. Today we give you an overview of "how much", "how fast" and "what kind" of fluid to give in a variety of circumstances: Resuscitation Maintenance Replacement Rehydration Links and resources: Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/yourekiddingright.pod/ and  Face...

Welcome to our first mini episode! Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a common transient organism found in the GI tract, vagina and urethra. It is present in about 20% of pregnant people. Whilst not harmful to adults as it is a commensal organism, it can be very harmful to neonates.    You don't want to miss: Epidemiology How to explain GBS to a parent Investigations to consider Prevention considerati...

Gastroenteritis is one of the most common infective causes for paediatric presentations. Although most cases are self limiting, there are particular management considerations and red flags to consider.    You don't want to miss: A case based discussion How to describe gastroenteritis to a patient An overview of parasitic, bacterial and viral gastroenteritis Some differentiating factors between the...