The Last Theory

Stephen Wolfram is an extraordinary thinker. He doesn’t seem to think like other scientists. He doesn’t seem to think like other technologists. And he certainly doesn’t think like an academic. So I asked him how he thinks. How does he have all the ideas I’ve been exploring at The Last Theory? Here are 10 ways to have big ideas, derived from Stephen’s answer: Drill down to the foundations Experimen...

If physics is computational, then what gets computed when? This is a surprisingly deep question. The seemingly even computation of the universe gives us a clue , not just to the nature of time , but to the nature of the universe . And it leads us to a wider question: Why are we in the universe we’re in? Let me introduce you to three different answers to that question... so different that they don’...

Stephen Wolfram has many philosophical ideas, but I’ve not heard him talk about pure philosophy. When I asked him about the relationship between physics and philosophy, I understood why. Stephen revealed that he’s much more at home in the concrete world of computer experiments than in the arguments of the philosophers. “When I look at the arguments,” he says, “I can’t tell if they make sense or no...

Do different observers think differently? Or does the principle of computational equivalence mean that all observers think the same way? Stephen Wolfram takes this question and runs with it. If we had brains the size of planets, he suggests, the finite speed of light would force us to think of space and time differently, and abandon the fiction of an instantaneous state of space. If we had brains...

Physics, the way we’ve thought about it for the last few hundred years, requires us to make assumptions about time. In our old way of thinking, just as we must assume three axes of space – scales along which we can measure what’s where – so we must assume an axis of time – a scale along which we can measure what happens when . It doesn’t matter whether, like Newton, we assume an absolute scale alo...

Different observers, from different regions of the ruliad, experience the universe in different ways. To what extent can these different observers communicate their different experiences? Can dogs, with their olefactory ways of mapping their worlds through scent, truly understand humans, with our one-dimensional ways of mapping our world through language? Can humans, with our one-dimensional strea...

The ruliad is every possible computation. What could you possibly say about such an enormous, all-encompassing object? Well, that’s where we come in. Particular observers sample the ruliad in particular ways. Observers like us sample the ruliad in ways that give rise to physics as we know it. Ruliad + observer = physics. In this excerpt from my conversation with Stephen Wolfram, he explores how ph...

The hypergraphs generated by Wolfram Physics are complex and chaotic. The multiway graphs that trace every possible evolution of these hypergraphs become extremely complex and extremely chaotic after only a few iterations. The causal graphs that plot which of the events in these multiway graphs has to happen before which of the other events look like spaghetti . If we’re going to find mass/energy...

It’s been a while since my last episode of The Last Theory or Open Web Mind. Where am I? It might look like I’m lazing in the sun, but actually I’ve been working hard. For The Last Theory, I’ve been working on a long episode, more involved than any I’ve ever made, and more important than any I’ve ever made. It’ll unlock mass/energy, momentum, special relativity, general relativity and quantum mech...

Electrons may be tiny black holes propagating through the hypergraph. After all, electrons and black holes have much in common: they’re carriers of pure motion, they’re all the same – from the outside, at least – and we don’t know what’s going on inside them. Just as black holes may cloak the remants of collapsed civilizations, so electrons may hold secret histories of their paths through the univ...

The multiway graph shows every possible evolution of the universe. So, if we can compute every possible reality, does that mean that there’s no single objective reality? Well, the causal graph, it turns out, collapses every possible reality into a single objective reality in a way that’s so unexpected that you’ll be left wondering: how did that just happen? — References: The hypergraph    video ⋅...

In this fascinating exposition, Stephen Wolfram connects two of the most important breakthroughs of our time: AI and the ruliad. I ask Stephen how he thinks about knowledge hypergraphs, which I’m exploring at Open Web Mind . He offers several important insights. Stephen draws a distinction between human-like minds and formal knowledge. Human-like minds include both our own brains and Large Languag...

Can you hold in your mind two different threads of experience? In this five-minute excerpt from my conversation with Stephen Wolfram, he introduces the strange idea of a multiway mind. Most of the time, we as observers succeed in weaving multiple different paths through the multiway graph into a single thread of experience. In some circumstances, however, we’re unable to do this. If we’re unfortun...

Fields don’t exist. I mean, a field with grass in it, that kind of field does exist. But a field in physics? A gravitational field? An electric field? A magnetic field? A quantum field? No such thing. I’m not knocking the physicists who came up with these fields. These fictions can be convenient. But sometimes, these fictions can blind us to the underlying reality. And that’s what’s happening righ...

In the previous excerpt from my conversation with Stephen Wolfram, I asked him how I can remain a single, coherent, persistent consciousness in a branching universe. In this excerpt, we went deeper into this question. As a conscious observer, I have a single thread of experience. So if the universe branches into many timelines, why don’t I branch into many versions of me? Stephen’s answer touched...

When the universe branches, we branch with it. Those branches don’t remain forever apart. They come back together. So we, as conscious observers, are rescued from splitting into an immense number ever-so-slightly different versions of ourselves. When the branches of the universe – and the versions of ourselves – come back together, we don’t worry that the many paths we took to get there are ever-s...

The causal graph is at the core of Wolfram Physics. It’s crucial to the derivations of Special Relativity, General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. And if that’s not enough to convince you that you need to know about the causal graph, how about this: The causal graph is a reflection of the nature of causality, the nature of objectivity, the nature of reality itself. — Einstein’s train thought exp...

Is everything that’s ever going to happen in the universe already determined? Or does something else – maybe randomness, maybe free will – play a role? Stephen Wolfram’s answer to this question is straightforward: the ruliad is fully determined. But there’s a twist. The ruliad is determined, but how we observe the evolution of the universe depends on where we are in the ruliad. In a fascinating in...

Hypergraphs can have any number of dimensions. They can be 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, 4.81-dimensional or, in the limit, ∞-dimensional. So how does the three-dimensional space we observe emerge from the hypergraph-based Wolfram model? Why is space three-dimensional? Stephen Wolfram’s surprising answer to this questions goes deep into space, time, computation and, crucially, our nature as observ...

Stephen Wolfram reveals that his first major wow along the path towards a fundamental theory of physics was his realization that General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are the same theory, played out in different kinds of space. Many other dominos have fallen along the way, from the derivation of Einstein’s equations to applications of the ruliad beyond physics. But the aspect of Wolfram Physics...

It feels like everyone has their pet Theory of Everything these days. So why should you take my preferred Theory of Everything seriously? Well, give me 5 minutes, and I’ll give you 5 reasons why I find Wolfram Physics more compelling than anything else that’s happened in physics in my lifetime ... ...and maybe you’ll want to take it seriously too . — The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery , fou...

Here’s a question. Why does the universe exist? Why is there something rather than nothing ? One of Stephen Wolfram’s boldest claims is that he has the answer. Let me know whether you’re convinced by his argument! — Ideas: Wolfram Physics Mathematical Platonism Occam’s Razor The Last Theory People: Stephen Wolfram Jonathan Gorard — The Last Theory is hosted by Mark Jeffery , founder of Open Web Mi...

Do you know what causality is? If you do, let me know, because I’m not sure. I’ve never come across a conception of causality that makes sense to me. After all, our universe seems to follow simple equations like Einstein’s equations, and there’s no mention of causality in these equations. It makes me think that there’s no such thing as causality. Unless... Well, here’s the thing. I’m no longer sur...

Causal invariance is a crucial concept in Wolfram Physics. It’s how we get special relativity from the Wolfram model. It’s how we get quantum mechanics from the Wolfram model. So what precisely is causal invariance? This question will take us deep into the multiway graph, to an even deeper question: what is causality? — What is the multiway graph? video ⋅ podcast ⋅ article — The Last Theory is hos...

I’ve heard from many of you that you’d like the whole of my conversation with Jonathan Gorard in a single podcast. So here it is, the complete first interview. These three hours are a brilliant exposition of Wolfram Physics from a figure whose contributions to the project are second to none. — Jonathan Gorard Jonathan Gorard at The Wolfram Physics Project Jonathan Gorard on Twitter The Centre for...