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Allama Mujtaba Hasan Kamunpuri (1913-1974) was a Shi’i scholar from India. Born in Ghazipur, he earned his Ph. D. at Al-Azhar, and held various teaching and administrative roles at the Lucknow and Aligarh universities. The essay excerpted in this episode was published in a 1969 issue of the journal Sarfaraz. It talks about the central role of the Timurid scholar and orator Mulla Husain Vaez Kashif...

Abbasuddin Ahmed (1901-1959) was a renowned Bengali musician, scholar and recording artist. He was among the earliest Indian artists to take to the gramophone, and gained widespread acclaim in Calcutta before moving to Dacca in 1947. The essay featured in this episode is part of his 1961 autobiography, translated into English by his granddaughter, the musician and scholar Nashid Kamal. It talks ab...

Adeeb Suhail (1927-2017) was a poet, editor and music scholar. Born in Munger, Bihar as Zuhurul Haq, Suhail migrated to East Pakistan and remained stationed in Dacca and Saidpur. He was editor of the East Pakistan Urdu daily "Pasban," and coined popular Urdu slogans against the Ayub Khan regime. Suhail migrated to Karachi in 1974 and worked as a contributing editor at various literary ma...

Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin was an educationist, musicologist and socialite. Born in 1877 in Ottoman Turkey, she was arguably the first woman to have authored a text on North Indian classical music. Atiya was also among the founders of the first All India Music Conference, which was held in Baroda in 1916. The essay featured in this episode, is part of her 1914 introduction to Indian music, which she auth...

Syed Aley Raza (1896-1978) was a renowned ghazal and marsiya poet. He was born in Unnao, and practiced law in Lucknow before moving to Pakistan in 1947. A pupil of Arzu Lakhnavi, Raza was one of the boldface names of the modern marsiya. He is more widely remembered for penning the salam-e akhir (farewell salutation), which was recited by Nasir Jahan and ended the Ashura transmission each year on R...

Mumtaz Shireen (1924-1973) was a pioneering Urdu critic and short story writer. Born in Hindupur and raised in Mysore, she migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and soon became a prominent voice against the autocratic tendencies of the Progressive Writers' Movement. In this reportage, written some time between 1958 and 1961, Shireen provides an account of the editor and musicologist Shahid Ahmed Dehlvi...

Nasim Ahmed (d. ?) was a writer based in East Pakistan, who frequently contributed to Urdu and Bengali periodicals. The essay featured in this episode provides an overview of the culture of Bengali lullabies in the cities and villages of Pakistan's eastern wing. Published in 1963, the essay covers the various themes that feature in these lullabies, including the topography of the Bengal region...

Mufti Muhammad Shafi (1897-1976) was a leading scholar and jurist of the Deoband school in Pakistan. In this episode, we revisit an essay from his Arabic treatise on the permissibility of music, translated by Muhammad Abdul Muiz. The essay examines from a Hanafi standpoint the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer's proverbial phrase about music being food for the soul. Featured recitation:Mu...

Rafiq Ghaznavi (1907-1974) was a pioneering musician and actor of Indian and Pakistani cinema. In this essay, written in 1953, Ghaznavi attends to a most fundamental question: can there be such a thing as Pakistani music? Ghaznavi holds Pakistan's broadcasting czar Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari responsible for deliberately pushing for a separate Pakistani musical identity, distinct from its Indian coun...

Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah Firishta (d. circa 1623) was a Persian historian who served the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Deccan. His seminal work, the "Gulshan-i Ibrāhīmī" (The Garden of Ibrahim) is a long history of the Muslim conquest of India. It was named after his patron, Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II. The essay featured in this episode is based on an excerpt from the book's first vo...

Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari (1904-1975) was a pioneering broadcaster, as well as a poet and musicologist. Born in Peshawar, Bukhari was among the earliest administrators of All India Radio, and the founder of Radio Pakistan. In this essay, excerpted from his autobiography that was serialized in an Urdu newspaper between 1962 and 1966, Bukhari recalls the days of Hindu-Muslim disputation over All India Ra...

Muhammad Hasan Askari (1919-1978) was a critic, essayist and short story writer. Born in Bulandshahr, Askari spent his most productive years in Delhi, Lahore and Karachi. The essay featured in this episode was written circa 1956-57 as an ode to the sarangi legend Ustad Bundu Khan. Keeping Bundu Khan's person as a centerpiece, Askari meanders through his various intellectual preoccupations with Ind...

Abul Mansur Ahmad (1898–1979) was a Bengali politician, journalist and writer. He participated in the Pakistan Movement and later played a leading role in the struggle for East Pakistan’s political autonomy. The essay featured in this episode was written by Ahmad in August 1967, in the aftermath of the controversial Radio Pakistan ban on Rabindranath Tagore’s music. Historians sometimes describe —...

Sajjad Zaheer (1905–1973) was a Marxist poet and revolutionary who lived and worked in both India and Pakistan. The essay featured in this episode, written around 1958, explores the tradition of tarannum (melodic recitation) in the Urdu mushairah (poetic symposium). Zaheer examines why poets who recite their verses melodiously are so beloved by mushairah audiences, and whether tarannum allows list...

Muhammad Nurul Mustafa (1936–2000), known by his pen name M. N. Mustafa, was a Bengali journalist, scholar and diplomat. After studying journalism at Punjab University, Mustafa worked as an editor for the English-language dailies The Morning News and The Pakistan Observer, and later as an assistant regional director at Radio Pakistan’s Dacca station. In Bangladesh, he pursued a distinguished caree...

Nargis Khanum (1943-2017) was a pioneering arts and culture journalist in Pakistan. Born in Pune, she joined the daily Dawn as a staff reporter in 1966 and led a trailblazing career in writing and editing that spanned over 50 years. In this essay, written for the the Morning News in 1977, Khanum explains why the layperson finds it hard to appreciate classical music. She traces the art form’s roots...

Krishan Chander (1914-1977) was an Indian writer of novels and short stories. The essay featured in this episode, titled "Gānā" (Singing), was part of an undated collection of essays. It is an acerbic and insightful take on the sociological dimensions of music, examining the class structure of musical practice and appreciation. True to his socialist and Progressive roots, Chander draws p...

Abbasuddin Ahmed (1901-1959) was a renowned Bengali musician, scholar and recording artist. He was among the earliest Indian artists to take to the gramophone, and gained widespread acclaim in Calcutta before moving to Dacca in 1947. The essay featured in this episode is part of his 1961 autobiography, translated into English by his granddaughter, the musician and scholar Nashid Kamal. It talks ab...

Madame Azurie (1907–1998), born Anna Marie Gueizelor, was a pioneering actor and dancer in Pakistani, Indian, and Bengali cinema. The essay featured in this episode comprises a speech delivered by Azurie during a 1961–62 national music conference held in Karachi, which addressed the challenges of developing a robust system of notation for North Indian classical music. In her speech, Azurie advocat...

Salimullah Fahmi (1906-1975) was a Bengali poet and careercivil servant in the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The essay featured in this episode surveys the various genres of Bengali music prevalent in the region. It provides insight into the representation of Bengali culture within the Urdu public sphere, and its parallels with West Pakistani folk and literary traditions. Crucially, it...

Daud Rahbar (1926-2013) was a Pakistani scholar of comparative religion who taught at various North American universities. In this fascinating essay, Rahbar distills for the Urdu reader a history of orchestral music in the Western tradition, and his reading of its relationship with premodern Christianity. Rahbar draws parallels between what he considers to be the Christian, Islamic and Hindu appro...

Lutfullah Khan (1916-2012) was an archivist and musician, who over multiple decades put together what is perhaps the biggest audio library of 20th century South Asia. The library, now housed at the Lahore University of Management Sciences, consists of rare recordings of political speeches, lectures, poetry recitals, music etc. The essay featured in this episode, has been extracted from Khan's 1997...

Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi (1906-1967) was a renowned editor and musicologist. The essay featured in this episode was published in August 1948 by the journal "Adab-e Lat̤īf" (Literary Subtleties). It focuses on the state of North Indian music on the cusp of Partition, delving into the historical origins of Indian music, its standardization in the modern period as a ‘classical’ art, its basic constituents...

Abdul Halim Sharar (1860-1926) was a renowned poet, novelist, journalist, historian and reformer of British India. The essay featured in this episode provides a history of sozkhwani, the elegiac recitation tradition associated with South Asian Shi’i Islam. It was part of a trailblazing cultural history of Awadh and its capital of Lucknow, written majorly to respond to cultural stereotyping, and se...

Ustad Sibte Jafar Zaidi (1957-2013) was a college professor and proponent of Islamic sound arts in South Asia. The essay featured in this episode comprises of two continuous sections from Zaidi's 1995 monograph, "Ṣautī ‘Ulūm-o Funūn-e Islāmī" (The Sciences and Arts of Sound in Islam). The sections delve into the historical background of poetry written in honour of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and the...