Exam Prep's Podcast

In this podcast on chronic kidney disease, Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the introduction of both ACE & SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with raised A:C ratios.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss why now the duration of antibiotics is 5 days rather than 7 days in treating common conditions seen in Primary Care. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss Formoterol Budesonide dry powder inhalers and which inhalers are currently available. He will discuss why the maximum dose is 12 puffs once daily. He will also discuss anti-inflammatory reliever therapy & MART therapy & stepping up and stepping down treatment. Finally, he will discuss the risk of osteoporosis after repeated courses of oral steroids.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the role of Montelukast and Tiotropium Mist Inhaler in the management of asthma.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the management of asthma in children as per the NICE, SIGN & BTS guidelines. He will also discuss the use of a spacer inhaler and the risk of inhaled steroids affecting growth in children. Finally, he will discuss the children who are likely to grow out of asthma and the MART action plan. 

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the management of asthma in adults in 2025. He will discuss the use of anti-inflammatory medication rather than salbutamol and he will also discuss MART therapy. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the diagnosis of asthma in both adults & children in 2025, including the history. He will also discuss the objective test to be done and a reminder that asthma diagnosis is made by a combination of both the suggested history and an objective test.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss anticholinergic medication adverse effects, which include: Reduced cognition and the risk of dementia Major adverse cardiac events  

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the different types of influenza viruses and also how to differentiate between influenza, common cold & Covid-19. He will also discuss why rather than calling it 'flu season', it should be referred to as 'the majority of the year flu season'.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the transmission of influenza, the asymptomatic spread of influenza and the affects of influenza. He will also discuss the difference between non-severe and severe influenza.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the efficacy of the influenza vaccination. He will also discuss antigenic drift versus antigenic shift. Finally, he will discuss the recommended groups for vaccination.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss influenza in children & the importance of vaccinating children against influenza. He will also discuss the live attenuated vaccine and the side effects.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the following with regard to community acquired pneumonia in children: Majority of pneumonia in children are caused by viruses Absence of Tachypnea makes pneumonia unlikely in children Distinguish between bacterial & viral pneumonia and the risk factors associated with bacterial pneumonia Management of child who does not require hospitalisation Indication for hospital...

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the causes & symptoms of Bronchiolitis. He will also discuss the differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis, the risk factors for more severe bronchiolitis and when hospital referral is required.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the frequency of respiratory tract infections in children and the management of acute cough in children. He will also discuss the respiratory tract infection leaflet available on antibioticprescribing.ie.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the history, symptoms & exam findings in acute bronchitis. He will also discuss the differential diagnosis & management of bronchitis. Finally, he will discuss why cough can last up to 3-4 weeks in acute bronchitis.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition, the assessment of severity and the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults.

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the diagnosis & stages of a migraine and also the trigger factors for migraine and how to reduce these factors. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the acute treatment of migraine and the role of aspirin & NSAIDs in this treatment. He will also discuss monotherapy and combination therapy. Finally, he will discuss how to treat patients with migraine & who are vomiting. 

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the role of triptans in treating migraine. He will discuss the rule of using just one triptan per migraine attack and the role of triptans in menstrual migraine. He will also discuss the treatment options available when patients fail to respond to treatment with triptans. 

In this podcast on migraine Dr Paul Ryan will discuss medication overuse headache & migraine prophylaxis treatments. 

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss migraine in adolescents, migraine in pregnancy & migraine with aura as a risk factor for stroke. 

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition of Chronic Kidney Disease and whether a low eGFR is a disease of itself or a risk factor for end-stage renal disease. He will also discuss what to do with an incidental finding of an eGFR of < 60 ml/min or an A:C ratio > 3. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the four main risks associated with stage 3 CKD (eGFR 45-60 ml/min). These risks include cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, medication toxicity & progression. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss when patients with chronic kidney disease should be referred to nephrology. He will also do a recap on his previous podcasts on CKD.