Daf Yomi for Women - Hadran

The Gemara presents biblical derivations establishing that undomesticated animals ( chaya ) are included in the legal category of domesticated animals ( behema ) and vice versa. This crossover applies to kosher signs, crossbreeding laws, sacrificial impurities, and miscarriages. The Mishna rules that if a fetus dies in utero and a midwife reaches inside and touches it, the midwife contracts seven-...

The Mishna explains at what stage a delivery is considered a birth (even for a stillborn animal) to determine whether it exempts subsequent offspring from firstborn status, particularly in the case of a difficult birth where the fetus is extracted in pieces. Rav Huna and Raba disagree regarding when the majority of the animal emerges: does the sanctity of the firstborn apply retroactively or only...

Different rabbis raise a total of four questions regarding various scenarios in which a ben pekua (a fetus of an animal whose mother was slaughtered) previously had a limb or limbs leave the womb. The Gemara investigates the biblical source for the Mishna's ruling that parts of a fetus that were severed but remained inside the mother at the time of slaughter are permitted to be eaten, offering two...

Study Guide A fetus that is inside the mother at the time of her slaughter is permitted without needing its own slaughter. If a limb of the fetus emerges before the mother is slaughtered, that limb is forbidden. However, if the limb is pulled back inside before the mother's slaughter, its status is subject to a dispute: Rav holds that the limb remains forbidden, while Rabbi Yochanan rules that it...

The Gemara details the hermeneutical methods used to permit drinking water from pits, ditches, or caves without concern for finless and scaleless creatures. Regarding water in vessels, the braita states that its exemption is explicit in one verse and implicit in another. One version holds that the permission for vessels is explicit, derived from the verse explaining that fish in seas and streams m...

The braita from the school of Rav and the braita from the school of Rabbi Yishmael disagree about whether a grasshopper with a long head is kosher. The source of the dispute stems from their application of different hermeneutical principles to the verse. Further on, the Gemara raises two difficulties against other parts of the braita of the school of Rabbi Yishmael and resolves them. The definitiv...

What are the signs of kosher grasshoppers? 

O ne may purchase eggs from a non-Jew if the seller explicitly specifies that they come from a particular kosher species. The Gemara asks why we cannot simply rely on the physical diagnostic signs of kosher eggs, which are: being pointed on one end and rounded on the other, and having the yolk ( chalmon ) on the inside with the albumen ( chelbon , or white) on the outside. The Gemara explains that...

Study Guide The Gemara continues to enumerate various species of birds, identifying which are kosher and which are not, while providing helpful mnemonics to remember their status. A debate is cited regarding whether there are 23 or 24 non-kosher bird species in total; both opinions require structural explanations as to how they arrived at their respective counts, given that there are 20 species li...

There is a dispute between Rav Nachman and Ameimar whether a bird possessing a single sign can be permitted if one is not expert in identifying the peres and ozniyah . Rav Nachman does not permit it, but Ameimar rules that any bird with a single sign is permitted, provided it is not known to be a predator ( doreis ), as there is no concern regarding the peres and ozniyah since they do not inhabit...

The Mishna states that the four physiological signs of a kosher bird are not explicitly detailed in the Torah, but are instead established by the Sages. The Gemara challenges this assertion based on a braita , which indicates that these kosher indicators are actually derived through a comparison of the anatomical details of each type of bird—specifically evaluating the characteristics of the neshe...

There is a series of theological debates between Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananya and the Roman emperor, which demonstrate the sublimity of God through man's inability to look directly at the sun or to sustain the natural armies that serve God. A similar discussion with the emperor's daughter, who scoffed at the providence of God in the world, leads to a punishment of leprosy being inflicted upon her, e...

Rav Yehuda discusses the physical dangers of consuming chiltit (asafoetida), particularly on an empty stomach, which Rav Yosef expands upon by listing other hazardous foods consumed on an empty stomach . The Gemara notes that Rav initially permitted an animal whose legs had been severed because he verified that the convergence of sinews ( tzumat hagidim ) remained intact. Shmuel, however, cautione...

Conflicting traditions existed regarding Rav's ruling in the case of a dislocated femur in a bird. Ultimately, the analysis indicates that Rav permitted such a bird, except in regions where the prevailing custom was to forbid it. However, after presenting various differing opinions regarding this issue, which leaned primarily toward permissibility, the Gemara brings an incident demonstrating that...

The Mishna enumerates all the physical defects that cause a bird to be rendered a treifa , as well as those that leave it kosher. If a weasel ( chulda ) attacks a bird in an area where the brain membrane could have been perforated, the bird is considered a treifa . There are, however, different tests one can perform to ascertain whether the membrane was actually punctured, and the Gemara suggests...

Pictures Rav a raises several difficulties against Rav Nachman's position that the term "until" implies up to but not including the final value. However, i t concludes that the exact meaning depends on the specific context as one must always rule stringently with requisite amounts ( shiurim ) , with the sole exception of a single requisite amount regarding the laws of niddah . Regarding some of th...

Rav Bibi bar Abaye rules that although a standard hole in the windpipe requires the size of an iss a r (a coin) , its clawing measurement (of redness) is a minimal amount, because the predator's venom burns and consumes the tissue continuously. Regarding the scope of the inspection required due to concern for venom, Rav Nachman testifies in the name of Rav that one must inspect from the base of th...

A cat or a weasel ( chulda ) renders a bird a treifa through clawing ( derisa ), whereas only a cat can do so for small cattle such as young goats and lambs. Other predatory birds besides those explicitly listed in the Mishna can also render other birds a treifa by clawing, but only when targeting birds smaller than themselves, while a hawk ( netz ) can do so even to birds of its own size. Accordi...

The Gemara discusses what other protective materials a bird could fall upon that would successfully cushion its impact and prevent it from being rendered a treifa . Relatedly, if a bird's wings become stuck to each other or to its body, a debate arises as to whether or not the bird will become a treifa upon falling, as its ability to break the fall is compromised. Two opinions are brought regardin...

A braita establishes the laws of a needle found in the thickness of the beit hakosot , ruling that a single-sided penetration is kosher while a complete perforation renders the animal a treifa . The presence of a drop of blood or a scab determines if the injury occurred before shechita . Internal organ crushing ( risuk evarim ) caused by falls is a treifa according to the Mishn a . Rav Huna rules...

Rav Nachman identifies two types of fat on the stomach: bar chimtza , which can effectively seal a perforation, and chimtza , which cannot. To clarify which specific fat constitutes bar chimtza , the Gemara cites an independent statement by Rav Nachman regarding a halakhic dispute between the Sages of the Land of Israel and those of the Diaspora. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel rules that if internal mu...

The Gemara explores the halakhic distinction between finding a needle embedded within the wall of the beit hakosot (reticulum) versus inside the liver. In the liver, the orientation of the needle indicates its trajectory, allowing the Sages to determine whether it caused a disqualifying perforation. Conversely, in the beit hakosot , the orientation is inconclusive, as the movement of food within t...

The Gemara discusses additional cases of treifot , alongside several real-life incidents brought before the Sages, detailing how they ruled - or, in certain instances, declined to render a definitive decision. The first issue concerns a lung that has become attached to the ribs. Because the lesion causing the adhesion might have originated in the chest wall rather than the lung itself, the animal...