Pro-PA Podcast

In this episode, we explore Multiple Myeloma , a malignant plasma cell disorder known for its CRAB criteria — hyperCalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, and Bone lesions . We'll discuss the classic presentation of back pain, lytic bone lesions, and recurrent infections, as well as hallmark findings like M protein spike , Bence Jones proteins , and Rouleaux formation on blood smear. Tune in to maste...

In this high-yield episode, we cover Burkitt Lymphoma , one of the fastest-growing human tumors, often associated with EBV and characterized by its iconic “starry sky” appearance on histology. You'll learn to distinguish between the endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated subtypes, recognize key clinical presentations (like jaw or abdominal masses), and master board-relevant facts f...

This episode takes a focused look at Hodgkin Lymphoma , a distinct B-cell malignancy known for its classic Reed-Sternberg cells and predictable pattern of spread. We'll review the hallmark B symptoms , staging systems, and how this condition stands apart from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Plus, we’ll discuss common presentations in young adults and key treatment pearls to help solidify this high-yield...

In this episode, we unpack Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) —a diverse group of lymphoid malignancies that vary in presentation, progression, and prognosis. We'll break down the most common subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, and highlight key differences from Hodgkin Lymphoma. Expect coverage of risk factors (like immunosuppression and viral associations), cli...

In this episode, we explore Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) —a myeloproliferative disorder defined by the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene . Learn how this disease progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast phases, and how to recognize key signs like marked leukocytosis and splenomegaly. We’ll also review first-line treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib a...

In this high-yield episode, we dive into Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) —a rapidly progressive hematologic malignancy seen most often in older adults. We cover hallmark features such as pancytopenia, fatigue, bleeding, and infection, and highlight the classic finding of Auer rods on peripheral smear. You’ll also learn the importance of blasts >20% in the bone marrow and the basics of AML subtypes...

In this episode, we explore the basics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) —the most common leukemia in adults. We’ll cover typical clinical findings like lymphadenopathy and recurrent infections, the importance of smudge cells on peripheral smear, and diagnostic tools like flow cytometry. Plus, we’ll review Rai staging and treatment considerations based on disease progression and patient sympto...

In this episode, we break down the essentials of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) —the most common childhood cancer. Learn the hallmark clinical features (like bone pain and CNS involvement), diagnostic workup including peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy, and the high-yield cytogenetic findings (like t(12;21) and Philadelphia chromosome). We also touch on prognosis, treatment phases, and co...

In this episode, we walk through the most important Transfusion Reactions you need to know for clinical practice and the PANCE. From acute hemolytic reactions to febrile non-hemolytic , allergic , and TRALI (transfusion-related acute lung injury), we highlight key signs, timing, causes, and treatments. Learn how to quickly recognize and manage each type—and what labs and protocols to follow when t...

This episode covers Beta Thalassemia , a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the beta-globin gene, leading to reduced or absent beta-chain production. We break down the differences between Beta Thalassemia Minor and Beta Thalassemia Major (Cooley anemia) —including clinical presentations, target cells on smear, iron overload risk, and electrophoresis findings. A high-yield discussion to h...

In this episode, we explore Alpha Thalassemia , a genetic disorder caused by deletions of alpha-globin genes that affects hemoglobin synthesis. We review the four clinical forms—silent carrier, trait, Hemoglobin H disease, and hydrops fetalis—with emphasis on their pathophysiology, lab findings (like normal iron with microcytic anemia), and electrophoresis results. Learn how to differentiate alpha...

This episode takes a closer look at Sickle Cell Disease , a genetic hemoglobinopathy caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene. We break down the pathophysiology of sickling, the triggers of vaso-occlusive crises, and the wide range of clinical complications—including acute chest syndrome, stroke, priapism, and functional asplenia. You'll also learn high-yield details on diagnosis, preventi...

In this episode, we explore Hemochromatosis , a disorder of iron overload caused by increased intestinal absorption. Learn how this condition can lead to iron deposition in organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart, and joints—resulting in cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and arthritis. We cover key genetic causes (like HFE mutations), clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing (transferrin s...

In this episode, we break down Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) —an autoimmune hypercoagulable condition often associated with lupus. We’ll discuss the classic triad: thrombosis, pregnancy complications, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant, and β2 glycoprotein I). Learn the diagnostic criteria, clinical pearls, and treatment strategies including lon...

In this high-yield episode, we explore Acquired Hypercoagulability , covering common triggers like malignancy, pregnancy, immobility, surgery, nephrotic syndrome, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Learn how to recognize these secondary causes of thrombosis, interpret key lab findings, and understand when to initiate or extend anticoagulation therapy. #AcquiredThrombophilia #HypercoagulableState #VTE...

In this episode, we discuss Antithrombin III Deficiency , a rare but serious inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Learn how antithrombin normally inhibits thrombin and factor Xa to prevent excessive clot formation—and how its deficiency leads to recurrent venous thromboembolism, especially in young patients. We review diagnostic clues, management strategies, and how this condition affects heparin...

In this episode, we break down Protein C and S Deficiency , two inherited thrombophilias that impair the body’s natural anticoagulation pathway. Discover how these deficiencies lead to a hypercoagulable state, increasing the risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We also cover red flags like warfarin-induced skin necrosis and how to approach testing and long-term management. #Protei...

This episode covers Factor V Leiden , the most common inherited thrombophilia in Caucasians. We explain the underlying genetic mutation that makes factor V resistant to inactivation by protein C, increasing the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Learn when to suspect this condition, how to test for it, and key considerations for management—especially in high-risk scenarios like pregnancy or su...

In this episode, we explore Essential Thrombocythemia , a myeloproliferative disorder marked by elevated platelet counts not due to reactive causes. We cover classic symptoms like erythromelalgia, headaches, and thrombotic or bleeding events—plus the role of JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations in diagnosis. Learn how to differentiate ET from reactive thrombocytosis and review first-line management strat...

This episode dives into Polycythemia Vera , a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by the JAK2 mutation , leading to increased red blood cell mass and hyperviscosity. We cover hallmark signs like pruritus after a hot shower, facial plethora, and splenomegaly. Learn how to distinguish PV from secondary erythrocytosis, and review the essentials of diagnosis and treatment—including phlebotomy a...

In this foundational episode, we cover the Approach to Cytosis , focusing on elevated blood cell counts—whether it’s leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, or erythrocytosis. We break down reactive (secondary) vs primary causes and offer a structured clinical approach to interpreting CBC results and deciding when to dig deeper for serious underlying conditions like myeloproliferative disorders. #Cytosis #C...

In this episode, we explore Aplastic Anemia , a life-threatening condition marked by bone marrow failure and pancytopenia. Discover the causes—ranging from idiopathic to drug-induced or viral (like hepatitis and EBV)—and how to recognize it on labs and bone marrow biopsy. We also review treatment options, including immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplant. #AplasticAnemia #BoneMarrowFa...

This episode dives into G6PD Deficiency , a common X-linked disorder that leads to episodic hemolysis after oxidative stress—from infections, fava beans, or certain drugs. Learn to recognize key clues like Heinz bodies , bite cells , and sudden drops in hemoglobin. We'll also cover diagnosis, triggers to avoid, and management pearls for clinical practice. #G6PDDeficiency #HemolyticAnemia #Hein...

In this episode, we explore Transient Aplastic Crisis , a temporary halt in red blood cell production often triggered by Parvovirus B19 —especially dangerous in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias like sickle cell disease. Learn how to spot the clinical red flags, identify low reticulocyte counts, and manage this self-limited but potentially serious condition. #AplasticCrisis #ParvovirusB19 #S...

This episode covers Hereditary Spherocytosis , a congenital hemolytic anemia caused by RBC membrane protein defects. Learn to recognize the key findings—spherocytes on peripheral smear, increased MCHC, and positive osmotic fragility test. We’ll also discuss splenomegaly, gallstones, and the role of splenectomy in treatment. #HereditarySpherocytosis #HemolyticAnemia #Spherocytes #PAstudent #PANCEpr...