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The Berlin Blockade started in June 1948, but its roots were from the failure of the Big Three, United States, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom to reach an agreement for common occupation goals in a post-war occupied Germany. Ideology differences about guaranteed no agreement, but pretending to be unified or leaving questions to be answered later guaranteed that there would be plenty of fuel to su...

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) conducted a summit in Tianjin, northern China, on August 31-September 1, 2025. This event coincided with the China Victory Day Parade in Beijing on September 3, which commemorated the 80th anniversary of the conclusion of World War II and Japan's defeat. The scheduling of these two key events allowed China's leadership to receive global dignitaries while...

Russia’s Dmitry Medvedev and Austria’s Beate Meinl-Reisinger exchange unforced errors over NATO membership and Austrian neutrality. Even when Russia is right, they still find a way to step on a rake. Research or support me through Patreon, Buy Me A Coffee or Ko-Fi. Patreon Buy Me A Coffee Ko-Fi This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus ep...

Under the pressure of Chinese escalation, Australia initiated its largest deployment outside the country since the East Timor crisis of 1999, conducting a joint exercise with the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea. Research or support me through Patreon, Buy Me A Coffee or Ko-Fi. Patreon Buy Me A Coffee Ko-Fi This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get...

South Korea faces a security dilemma on the Korean Peninsula that cannot be easily resolved with the security options that were previously available to it. Research or support me through Patreon, Buy Me A Coffee or Ko-Fi. Patreon Buy Me A Coffee Ko-Fi This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit thomasleckwold.substack.com/su...

The People’s Republic of China joined the nuclear club on October 16, 1964, when it detonated a 22-kiloton nuclear device at its Lop Nur test site as part of Project 596. The bomb utilized 15 kilograms of weapons-grade Uranium-235, producing an explosive yield roughly equivalent to the U.S. “Fat Man” nuclear weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945. The Chinese nuclear program was initial...

Project Mercury, from 1958 to 1963, led to the first crewed space voyage on May 5, 1961. President John Kennedy told Congress on May 25, 1961, that the U.S. will place a man on the Moon and return him safely to Earth before the end of the decade. This ambitious aim would be fewer than nine years after the U.S. put a man in space for 15 minutes and 28 seconds. After the Soviet launch of Sputnik in...

Japan and Germany were the main Axis forces during World War II, but both nations have subsequently become economic superpowers and essential components of the Western alliance in Europe and the Pacific. In order to tackle the present security issues in their respective regions, both countries this month announced new goals for their military buildups. The goal of the projected increases will esta...

US President Donald Trump and NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte announced a new arms sale to Ukraine to support its ongoing conflict with Russia. The sale allows European countries to purchase weapons and transfer them to Ukraine, and includes a 50-day deadline for Russia to agree to a ceasefire. However, the deadline faces international opposition, with nations like North Korea and China willing...

French President Emmanuel Macron visited the United Kingdom to strengthen relations and sign the Northwood Declaration on July 10, 2025. The declaration outlines a shared objective for both countries to collaborate on their nuclear capabilities in defense of Europe, including coordinating nuclear deterrence against extreme threats, responding to evolving threats, reaffirming the goals of the Non-P...

Missile defense has become a significant topic for military planners and politicians due to conflicts in the Middle East and the Ukraine War. Israel has been the focal point, while Europe is developing its own anti-missile system, the European Sky Shield Initiative. The United States is working on creating the Golden Dome system to protect itself. The first anti-missile system was the U.S. Army Ni...

The NATO leaders summit in The Hague concluded on June 25, 2025, with the primary focus on adopting new NATO spending targets, as insisted upon by US President Donald Trump. The organization agreed to raise its members' GDP defense requirement from 2% to 5%, with 3.5% allocated to hard defense spending and 1.5% for defense-related expenditures. However, Spain, which consistently ranks low in defen...

The annual NATO leaders' summit in The Hague, Netherlands, is set to focus on increasing defense spending, a priority for both President Trump and Secretary Rutte. However, the goal seems to be in doubt due to President Trump's announcement of the Asian pivot, which prioritizes Asia over European defense. The Ukraine War persists, and NATO has little to show for its efforts, with a significant por...

The Korean Peninsula has been embroiled in conflict since June 1950, with North Korea actively participating in the Ukraine War and providing military support. South Korea has signed weapons agreements with NATO European countries, particularly Poland, and has been involved in NATO as a partner country. Despite facing public setbacks, such as the botched launch of a destroyer, North Korea has posi...

The United States and the Soviet Union created in depth nuclear targeting doctrines which still exist today. The debate is still active today as nuclear arsenals are reduced from Cold War levels whether nuclear weapons and their infrastructure should be the target or whether the cities should be the only target. Part 2 covers the later question. Original Substack Article: Nuclear Warfare Part 8 If...

The United States and the Soviet Union created in depth nuclear targeting doctrines which still exist today. The debate is still active today as nuclear arsenals are reduced from Cold War levels whether nuclear weapons and their infrastructure should be the target or whether the cities should be the only target. Part 2 covers the later question. Original Substack Article: Nuclear Warfare Part 8 If...

The United States and the Soviet Union created in depth nuclear targeting doctrines which still exist today. The debate is still active today as nuclear arsenals are reduced from Cold War levels whether nuclear weapons and their infrastructure should be the target or whether the cities should be the only target. Part 2 covers the later question. Original Substack Article: Nuclear Warfare Part 8 If...

My unscripted thoughts on the articles that I wrote on Substack this week. If you like my content, please consider becoming a Substack subscriber to Pegasus Research or support me through Patreon, Buy Me A Coffee or Ko-Fi. Patreon Buy Me A Coffee Ko-Fi Pegasus Research on YouTube: YouTube Pegasus Research on Rumble: Rumble Pegasus Research on Locals: Locals This is a public episode. If you'd like...

The aircraft carrier has been the backbone of the U.S. Navy since World War II with the aircraft carrier serving as a frontline of U.S. power projection. It has also served as a symbol of U.S. power and therefore has also served a diplomatic power on what is a U.S. priority during geopolitical upheaval. The continued cost overruns and production issues and the advances in modern warfare technology...

The aircraft carrier has been the backbone of the U.S. Navy since World War II with the aircraft carrier serving as a frontline of U.S. power projection. It has also served as a symbol of U.S. power and therefore has also served a diplomatic power on what is a U.S. priority during geopolitical upheaval. The continued cost overruns and production issues and the advances in modern warfare technology...

The aircraft carrier has been the backbone of the U.S. Navy since World War II with the aircraft carrier serving as a frontline of U.S. power projection. It has also served as a symbol of U.S. power and therefore has also served a diplomatic power on what is a U.S. priority during geopolitical upheaval. The continued cost overruns and production issues and the advances in modern warfare technology...

NASA has outlined its criteria for a new space station that will replace the International Space Station when it is retired in 2030. The NASA goals are to replace the government run space station with commercial companies creating and running the space station that NASA will lease space for its goals for technology creation and gain experience in long endurance human space flight. Original Substac...

NASA has outlined its criteria for a new space station that will replace the International Space Station when it is retired in 2030. The NASA goals are to replace the government run space station with commercial companies creating and running the space station that NASA will lease space for its goals for technology creation and gain experience in long endurance human space flight. Original Substac...

NASA has outlined its criteria for a new space station that will replace the International Space Station when it is retired in 2030. The NASA goals are to replace the government run space station with commercial companies creating and running the space station that NASA will lease space for its goals for technology creation and gain experience in long endurance human space flight. Original Substac...

NATO in response to the cutting of undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea as part of Russian hybrid warfare tactics against NATO countries launches an operation called Baltic Sentry to deter future attacks. The decision by NATO is backed by a modern military doctrine but also blurs the role between a legitimate military operation and a law enforcement function. Original Article On Substack: Hyb...