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In this episode, Dr Hannah Rosa, Dr Kate Chesterman and Dr Roger Henderson invite you to join them for the annual GPnotebook quiz. The GPnotebook education team have been reflecting upon all that they have learnt over the past 12 months, in both their day-to-day clinical work and through delivering GPnotebook Study Group meetings. This quiz is based on the facts that they have found the most usefu...

Olecranon bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa overlying the olecranon process, presenting as localised, fluctuating posterior elbow swelling that necessitates clinical differentiation between aseptic (traumatic, crystalline) and septic aetiologies for appropriate management. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the risk factors for olecranon bursitis as well as its diagnostic featur...

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is classified into two main types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for most cases and the more aggressive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes, but symptoms often emerge late in the disease course. In episode 126 , Dr Hannah Rosa looked at the challenges of diagnosi...

Parvovirus B19 (slapped cheek syndrome) is a common and usually mild, self-limiting viral illness. Certain populations, such as pregnant women and their unborn babies, those who are immunocompromised or those with underlying haematological conditions, are at increased risk of complications as the virus can affect red blood cell production. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman explores the common si...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop (either immediately or delayed) following exposure to a stressful event or situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. It is characterised by four groups of symptoms: intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood and alterations in arousal and reactivity. These symptoms must persist for more than 1...

Melanoma is among the most common forms of cancer – and causes of cancer-related death – among young adults. Its prevalence in this group has been associated with sunbathing and sunbed use. Reducing exposure to ultraviolet light is critical in the primary prevention of melanoma. Clinical features of lesion asymmetry, border irregularity, colour variability, diameter and evolution over time should...

In this episode, Dr Hannah Rosa and Dr Will Hinchliffe (Consultant in Renal and General Medicine working in the north-east and north Cumbria) discuss the management of hyperkalaemia in primary care. They break the management down into six steps, so that when you are next faced with blood test results that show a raised potassium level, you will know exactly what to do. They first discuss who needs...

In this final episode of a four-part series on HIV and primary care, Dr James Waldron is joined again by Dr Grace Bottoni (HIV and Hepatitis C GP Champion, Lewisham) and special guest Darren Knight (CEO of George House Trust). Together, they explore the importance of language in healthcare and how reducing HIV-related stigma is key to increasing engagement with primary care, improving lives and he...

Paraesthesia is an indication of an abnormality that impacts the sensory pathways at any point from the peripheral sensory nervous system right up to the sensory cortex. The essential tool for the diagnosis of this condition is obtaining a concise patient history. This history must accurately reflect the patient's experience, including the provoking and alleviating factors, along with any existing...

A tremor is defined as an involuntary rhythmic oscillation of one or more body parts, mediated by alternating contractions of reciprocally acting muscles. Tremors typically affect the upper extremities but can also affect the head, chin, voice or legs. Although some tremors may be mild and cause little impact to quality of life, requiring no treatment, others may impair activities of daily living...

Postnasal drip is a condition where excess mucus from the nose and sinuses accumulates and flows down the back of the throat. This can lead to symptoms such as throat clearing, coughing, a scratchy or sore throat, hoarseness and bad breath. Common causes include allergies, colds, sinus infections, weather changes, acid reflux and irritants such as smoke. Treatment typically involves managing the u...

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms affecting the lower urinary tract. LUTS can significantly reduce men's quality of life and may point to serious problems in the urogenital tract. The pathogenesis of LUTS is multifactorial and can include one or several diagnoses, commonly benign prostatic obstruction, nocturnal polyuria (polynocturia) and detru...

Scabies is a condition that can cause significant distress due to the intense itching associated with the condition and concerns about social stigma. In this episode, Dr Kate Chesterman discusses the risk factors for contracting scabies, the signs and symptoms associated with the condition, preferred treatment options and indications for involving secondary care. Access episode show notes containi...

Acute cholecystitis is often seen in primary care patients and is a major complication of cholelithiasis. Symptomatic gallstones occur in up to 10% of patients before developing cholecystitis. Patients typically present with pain and localised tenderness, with or without guarding, in the upper right quadrant. In this episode, Dr Roger Henderson provides an overview of this common problem, looking...

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are potentially life-threatening and have a poor prognosis if ruptured. Arterial aneurysms are defined as a permanent localised dilatation of the vessel, enlarging significantly compared to a relatively normal diameter of the adjacent artery. An AAA is characterised by abnormal focal dilation of the abdominal aorta that is often detected incidentally or only at th...

Keloid scars are a form of abnormal scarring that occur in susceptible individuals and often appear to be more common in darker skin types. Often observed between the ages of 10 and 30 years, and associated with skin trauma or inflammation, their diagnosis is a clinical one. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment is currently available, but options include injectable preparations and cryotherapy,...

What if one of the most misunderstood diagnoses of the past is now one of the most manageable chronic conditions? How can GPs play a pivotal role in tackling stigma, increasing testing and improving outcomes for people living with HIV? Dr James Waldron is joined by Dr Grace Bottoni (HIV and Hepatitis C GP Champion, Lewisham) for a series of podcasts about HIV. Together, they explore a range of top...

Aortic stenosis (AS) is an obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta due to narrowing at the level of the aortic valve. In Europe, it is the most common valvular disease requiring treatment and is the second most frequent cause for cardiac surgery. By the age of 80, it occurs in almost 10% of adults and has a mortality rate of about 50% at 2 years unless the outflow obstruct...