Beginning of the Middle Ages

In 395 A.D., the last emperor of the undivided Roman Empire, Theodosius, passed away, leaving his inept son, Honorius, to govern the western half. Honorius relied heavily on the formidable general Stilicho to fend off the Visigoths led by the relentless Alaric. However, when palace intrigues led to Stilichos execution, Alaric seized the moment, culminating in the sack of Rome in 410 A.D. This marked the dawn of an era characterized by chaotic leadership, social upheaval, and barbarian invasions that once bore the ominous label of the Dark Ages. Amidst this turmoil, the Franks rose to prominence, laying the groundwork for the Papacys temporal power. Charlemagne later unified a vast empire and sparked a revival of learning, but his reigns final years were marred by the terrifying incursions of the Vikings, who navigated their shallow-draft vessels through France‚s rivers and established a foothold across England. - Summary by Pamela Nagami, M.D.