Simply Put

The Federal Reserve helps support financial system resilience by acting as the lender of last resort, providing liquidity to institutions in exchange for high quality collateral. The usage of its 13(3) emergency authority during the 2023 regional banking crisis suggests the Fed may use these powers more frequently in today’s financial system. The rising importance of non-bank institutions has also...

The historically strong relationship between sentiment and consumer spending has decayed over the last few years. Although households have thus far persevered through the frustration of rapid price increases and higher interest rates this cycle, the University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment survey has begun flashing new hints for a future pullback in personal consumption. In this episode, we tal...

New policies are redefining the relationship between the federal government and higher education, curbing spending on research and threatening the revenue streams from endowments and international student tuition. Colleges and universities are looking for short-term fixes while developing longer-term plans to cut services or raise tuition fees. In this episode, we talk with David Jesse, Senior Wri...

Chair Powell and the FOMC are facing heightened pressure to cut rates and account for cost overruns associated with renovations to the Fed’s headquarters. President Trump’s vocal desire to remove Powell has prompted investor concerns that monetary policy will be influenced by short-run political incentives rather than longer-run economic outcomes. In this special edition of Simply Put, we talk wit...

This year’s big fiscal package, officially titled the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), extends the TCJA’s tax cuts, increases spending on defense and immigration enforcement, significantly cuts Medicaid expenditures, and increases the debt ceiling by $5tn. The law’s budgetary impact will depend on the path of interest rates, how the economy responds to its various incentives, and whether tempor...

The US Court of International Trade ruled last month that President Trump does not have the authority to unilaterally implement this year’s tariffs under emergency powers, throwing the president’s newest trade levies into legal limbo. As the case winds its way through the appeals process, the international trade environment hangs in the balance. In this episode, we talk with Ilya Somin, Professor...

Regulations, snarled supply chains, and the scarring effects of the global financial crisis have all contributed to a nationwide housing shortage over the last fifteen years. As housing unaffordability continues to limit prospective homebuyers, homebuilders must now contend with federal policies that will impact housing demand, labor availability, and costs for building materials. In this episode,...

The Supplementary Leverage Ratio (SLR) was designed to increase banking sector resiliency after the Global Financial Crisis. Some have argued the SLR reduces Treasury market liquidity because the ratio is risk insensitive. Fed officials like Jerome Powell and Michelle Bowman have supported SLR reform, and Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent believes changes to the SLR could push Treasury yields down...

The dollar has been the de facto global currency since World War II, pulling foreign investment into the US and allowing the federal government to borrow cheaply. A strong dollar also makes export-driven domestic industries less competitive, something the Trump administration is trying to offset through tariffs. A rumored “Mar-a-Lago Accord” would attempt to maintain the benefits of cheap borrowin...

The typical automobile manufactured in North America crosses national borders at least six times before it’s ready to be sold. Tariffs are expected to increase US auto prices by thousands of dollars as companies establish new supply chains and onshore manufacturing with higher production costs. In this episode, we talk with Jonathan Smoke, Chief Economist with Cox Automotive, about the complexity...

The Fed has been able to dismiss the economic risks from deteriorating sentiment by emphasizing the steady unemployment rate and decent job growth over the last seven months. The labor market’s surprising resilience over the last few years will now be tested by tariff-induced production changes, federal workforce layoffs, cuts to federal spending, and tighter immigration enforcement. In this episo...

President Trump’s latest tariff announcements have thrown global financial markets into a frenzy and increased the uncertainty for the US economic outlook. In this special edition of Simply Put, we talk with Amit Khandelwal, Professor of Global Affairs and Economics at Yale University, about the arguments for and against tariffs, how the 2018 tariffs affected the economy, and what the impacts coul...

This year’s budget reconciliation bill has the potential to dramatically alter the fiscal relationship between states and the federal government. Some policymakers have proposed repealing the municipal tax exemption that has been at the heart of state financing for over a century. Others have suggested cutting federal spending by shifting the burden for certain outlays to state and local governmen...

Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been significant actors in the housing market for nearly a century. Ever since market distress pushed Fannie and Freddie into conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Authority in 2008, policymakers have sought to transition the firms back into more privatized roles. Reform discussions have accelerated after the Nov...

The pandemic fiscal response supported a much faster recovery in the US than after the financial crisis, but price levels and the federal deficit surged. Households and businesses, tired of high interest rates and cumulative price increases, must now contend with a tariff regime that aims to improve US competitiveness abroad at the risk of higher consumer prices. The Fed meanwhile is trying to res...

Wildfires swept through parts of southern California last month, causing indescribable human suffering and property destruction. The rising frequency and magnitude of these events, along with the unintended consequences of some well-intentioned regulations, are also placing unique pressure on the insurance market. In this episode, we talk with Matt Palazola, Senior Analyst for Property and Casualt...

Over the last few years, the technological promise of artificial intelligence (AI) has propelled stock market gains, driven fears of widespread labor market displacement, and helped turn microchip production into a matter of national security. Generative AI models are still in their infancy, but investors and economists are already debating whether its impact will rival that of electricity or the...

The US Treasury has once again started to use “extraordinary measures” to honor its debt service obligations and avoid breaching the debt ceiling. With these measures expected to run out sometime this summer, any efforts to increase or suspend the debt ceiling will run concurrently with Republican priorities to renew tax cuts and cut government spending. President Trump has voiced support in elimi...

With slim majorities in the House and Senate, Republicans hope to narrow the fiscal deficit and extend many of the tax cuts from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). A handful of fiscal hawks and the Senate’s legislative rules could limit the GOP’s ability to accomplish renewal of the TCJA’s biggest provisions. President-elect Trump also campaigned extensively on raising tariffs to increase reve...

The US economic recovery continued through 2024, but inflation progress has stalled above 2% and the labor market has significantly cooled. Despite the FOMC lowering interest rates by 100bp this year, Fed officials and financial markets head into 2025 uncertain about the pace and magnitude of any future rate cuts. Republicans won back control of the White House and majorities in both halls of Cong...

During the last two years, aggressive monetary policy tightening compressed banks’ net interest margins, placed tremendous strain on banks’ balance sheets, and demonstrated the vulnerabilities from exposure to CRE. The banking sector is hoping that additional Fed easing and less restrictive federal regulations next year will create more favorable conditions for profitability, M&A, and operational...

The rising frequency of extreme weather events has put elevated pressure on municipal budgets to pay for relief efforts and prepare for future disasters. Public costs have also increased because the areas seeing the highest population growth can be the most vulnerable to such events. In this episode, we talk with Tom Doe, CEO and Founder of Municipal Market Analytics, about the scope of extreme we...

Treasuries function as the benchmark asset in bond markets, underscoring their importance in borrowing rates and global financial conditions. As fears of higher future Treasury supply loom large, bond investors look to certain metrics to help understand how well the market is absorbing increasing levels of public debt. Changes in Treasury yields reflect underlying macroeconomic fundamentals, but t...

The economy has consistently defied expectations since 2020, prompting important questions about the soundness of the models used by the Fed and most economists. High inflation persisted much longer than the Fed predicted, inflation fell substantially without significant labor market weakening, and the economy weathered aggressive Fed tightening by growing above its estimated long-run potential. I...

With control of the White House and House looking up for grabs, the post-election policy landscape looks highly uncertain only weeks before November 5. The priorities of the new president will run up against an unpredictable amount of Congressional and judicial pushback, creating a wide range of estimates for growth, inflation, federal deficits, and subsequent Fed policy. In this episode, we talk...