OKAP Rapid Review

Electronic health records, digital standards, big data, teleophthalmology, and artificial intelligence, including machine learning and bias.

Principles, indications, and limitations of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmic ultrasonography.

Mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of ophthalmic medications, including glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, anesthetics, and surgical adjuvants.

Principles of ocular pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug delivery, toxicity, and genetic influences on medication response.

Mechanisms of oxidative damage, ocular antioxidant defenses, and the role of oxidative stress in lens and retinal disease.

Structure and biochemical composition of the retinal pigment epithelium, with emphasis on vitamin A regeneration and its major physiologic functions.

Retinal metabolism, rod and cone phototransduction, the visual cycle, color vision, retinal cell function, and electrophysiology.

Vitreous composition and physiology, age-related liquefaction, posterior vitreous detachment, and changes associated with disease and vitrectomy.

Lens structure, biochemical composition, transparency, and metabolism, including mechanisms of sugar cataract formation.

Physiology of the iris and ciliary body, aqueous humor formation and composition, and the blood–aqueous barrier.

Biochemistry and physiology of the corneal layers, including epithelial barrier function, stromal composition, and endothelial function.

Composition, secretion, and function of the tear film, including lipid and mucoaqueous components and mechanisms of tear dysfunction.

Patterns of inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial disease, genetic counseling, and testing for inherited eye disease.

Fundamental principles of gene structure, expression, inheritance, pathogenic variation, and molecular genetic testing.

Embryologic development of the eye, extraocular muscles, adnexa, and orbit, including genetic regulation of ocular formation.

Anatomy of the cranial nerves, visual pathways, pupillary and tear reflexes, and associated cerebral circulation.

Structural anatomy of the globe including the cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, uvea, lens, retina, and vitreous.

Review of orbital anatomy, extraocular muscles, vascular supply, eyelids, and the lacrimal system.

Long-term management of chronic pediatric eye disease with emphasis on visual rehabilitation, educational resources, and multidisciplinary care.

Recognition of ocular findings associated with genetic, metabolic, neurologic, rheumatologic, and systemic pediatric diseases.

Evaluation and treatment of pediatric ocular injuries including both blunt and penetrating trauma.

Diagnosis and management of infectious and noninfectious uveitis in pediatric patients.

Inherited, congenital, vascular, and acquired retinal and vitreous diseases in children.

Congenital and acquired optic nerve anomalies including optic nerve hypoplasia, coloboma, papilledema, and pseudopapilledema.

Evaluation and treatment of congenital and pediatric cataracts and other disorders of the crystalline lens.