Minimum Competence

This Day in Legal History: Che Guevara Executed On October 9, 1967, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a prominent figure in revolutionary movements across Latin America, was executed by Bolivian forces after being captured during a failed guerrilla campaign. Guevara was a key leader in the Cuban Revolution and sought to spread Marxist insurgencies throughout Latin America, hoping to ignite similar revolution...

This Day in Legal History: Great Chicago Fire On October 8, 1871, the Great Chicago Fire ignited, marking one of the most devastating urban disasters in U.S. history. The fire burned for two days, fueled by dry conditions and wooden structures that dominated the cityscape. It destroyed over three square miles of Chicago, killing around 300 people and leaving 100,000 residents homeless. In the afte...

This Day in Legal History: GDR Established On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), commonly known as East Germany, was officially established. This marked the formal division of Germany into two separate states after World War II. The creation of East Germany came in response to the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) earlier that year, in May 1949. Backed...

This Day in Legal History: Watergate Trial Begins On October 4, 1974, the trial of key Watergate conspirators began, marking a significant moment in American legal and political history. The defendants included top Nixon administration officials H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, John Mitchell, Robert Mardian, and Kenneth Parkinson. These men were accused of participating in the cover-up of the break...

This Day in Legal History: Formal Immigration Quotas End On October 3, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act into law, marking a significant shift in U.S. immigration policy. This legislation, also known as the Hart-Celler Act, abolished the national origins quota system that had been in place since 1924, which favored European immigrants and limited others....

This Day in Legal History: The Amsterdam Treaty Broadens the EU On October 2, 1997, the Amsterdam Treaty was signed by European Union (EU) delegates, marking a significant step in the evolution of the EU's institutional framework and policy ambitions. The treaty aimed to enhance the efficiency, transparency, and democratic legitimacy of the Union, amending previous agreements like the Maastricht T...

This Day in Legal History: William Rehnquist Born On October 1, 1924, William Hubbs Rehnquist, the 16th Chief Justice of the United States, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1972 by President Nixon, Rehnquist became a polarizing figure, known for his staunch conservatism and originalist approach to the Constitution. His judicial philosophy often focused on restric...

This Day in Legal History: Nazi Leaders Convicted at Nuremberg On September 30, 1946, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg delivered its final verdicts, marking a pivotal moment in legal history. The tribunal, established by the Allied powers after World War II, tried 24 high-ranking Nazi officials for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Of those tried, 22 we...

This Day in Legal History: John Jay Commissioned as first Chief Justice On September 26, 1789, John Jay was commissioned as the first Chief Justice of the United States, marking a pivotal moment in American legal history. Nominated by President George Washington and confirmed by the Senate, Jay’s appointment came just months after the Judiciary Act of 1789 established the framework for the federal...

This Day in Legal History: Bill of Rights Sent to US States for Ratification On September 25, 1789, the United States Congress sent twelve proposed constitutional amendments to the state legislatures for ratification. These amendments were designed to safeguard individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government, addressing concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution...

This Day in Legal History: Judiciary Act of 1789 On September 24, 1789, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, laying the foundation for the federal judiciary as we know it today. This landmark legislation established a three-tiered court system, consisting of district courts, circuit courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court at its pinnacle. The Act also created the position of Attorney General to r...

This Day in Legal History: McKinley Assassin Stands Trial On September 23, 1901, the trial of Leon Czolgosz began for the assassination of President William McKinley. Czolgosz, an anarchist, had shot McKinley on September 6 at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Despite efforts to save him, McKinley died eight days later from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. The trial was swift,...

This Day in Legal History: Equal Rights Party Formed On September 20, 1884, a group of American suffragists formed the Equal Rights Party in San Francisco, marking a significant moment in the fight for gender equality in the United States. The party was established with the goal of securing "equal and exact justice" for all citizens, regardless of color, sex, or nationality. A key focus was on ame...

This Day in Legal History: Lord Haw-Haw Sentenced to Hang On September 19, 1945, William Joyce, infamously known as "Lord Haw-Haw," was sentenced to death by a British court for treason. Joyce, an American-born British subject, became notorious for his English-language radio broadcasts during World War II, where he spread Nazi propaganda designed to demoralize Allied forces and sway public opinion...

This Day in Legal History: Fugitive Slave Act Signed On September 18, 1850, U.S. President Millard Fillmore signed the Fugitive Slave Act into law, a key and highly controversial component of the Compromise of 1850 and a dark moment in American history – unfortunately, one among many in the 19th century. The Act required that escaped slaves, even if they had reached free states, be captured and re...

This Day in Legal History: Treaty of Fort Pitt On September 17, 1778, the newly independent United States and the Lenape (Delaware) Nation signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt, marking the first formal treaty between the U.S. and a Native American tribe. The treaty established a military alliance during the American Revolutionary War, with the Lenape agreeing to assist the U.S. in its fight against the...

This Day in Legal History: Amnesty for Vietnam War Evaders On September 16, 1974, President Gerald Ford announced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft evaders and deserters. This program offered clemency to those who had resisted the draft or abandoned their military posts, provided they completed two years of public service. Ford aimed to foster national reconciliation following th...

This Day in Legal History: Khrushchev at the Helm On September 13, 1953, Nikita Khrushchev was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, marking a pivotal shift in Soviet leadership following the death of Joseph Stalin. Khrushchev's rise to power signaled a departure from the oppressive and brutal regime of Stalin, as he eventually denounced many of Stalin's crimes du...

This Day in Legal History: Brown v. Board Stands On September 12, 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in Cooper v. Aaron , reaffirming the authority of federal courts and rejecting Arkansas's attempt to defy the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The case arose after Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus and the state legislature openly resisted desegregation, particularly...

This Day in Legal History: Camp David Accords On September 11, 1978, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat reached a historic agreement at Camp David, laying the foundation for peace between Israel and Egypt. The Camp David Accords, brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, marked the first time an Arab nation had agreed to recognize Israel, a significant diplomat...

This Day in Legal History: Howe Sewing Machine Patented On this day in legal history, September 10, 1846, Elias Howe was granted U.S. Patent No. 3640 for his revolutionary sewing machine. Howe’s invention was a significant breakthrough, speeding up the process of garment production and forever changing the textile industry. However, Howe's legal battles soon followed, as other inventors, including...

This Day in Legal History: Abraham Lincoln Admitted to the Bar On September 9, 1836, Abraham Lincoln was officially admitted to the Illinois bar, beginning a legal career that would shape his future as one of America’s most influential leaders. After passing the bar exam, he received a license to practice law from the Illinois Supreme Court and soon after set up his practice in Springfield. Lincol...

This Day in Legal History: Non-aligned Movement On September 6, 1961, the first official Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) conference concluded in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Leaders from 25 countries, including India’s Jawaharlal Nehru, Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito, gathered to affirm their commitment to remaining independent of the two major Cold War blocs—the United States an...

This Day in Legal History: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, marking a pivotal moment in American legal and political history. Delegates from twelve of the thirteen American colonies gathered in response to the "Intolerable Acts" imposed by the British Parliament. These punitive laws, including the Boston Port...

This Day in Legal History: Orval Faubus Resists Brown v. Board of Education On September 4, 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus made a highly controversial decision to call in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students, known as the "Little Rock Nine," from entering Central High School. This action directly defied a federal court order mandating the integration of public schools,...