Minimum Competence

This Day in Legal History: Judiciary Act of 1801 On February 13, 1801, the U.S. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, a controversial law that reshaped the federal court system. Enacted in the final days of John Adams’ presidency, the Act reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from six to five and created sixteen new federal judgeships. It also eliminated the justices’ duty to "ride cir...

This Day in Legal History: Milošević Stands Trial On February 12, 2002, the trial of former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević began at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. It was the first time a former head of state was tried for war crimes by an international tribunal. Milošević faced 66 charges, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and v...

This Day in Legal History: Birth of Edison On February 11, 1847, Thomas Edison was born, eventually becoming one of the most prolific inventors in history. While best known for innovations like the phonograph and the incandescent light bulb, Edison’s impact extended beyond technology—he played a major role in shaping intellectual property law. Over his lifetime, he was granted 1,093 U.S. patents,...

This Day in Legal History: 25th Amendment to the US Constitution  On February 10, 1967, the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, establishing clear procedures for presidential succession and addressing concerns about vacancies in the executive branch. The amendment was a response to historical ambiguities in presidential succession, particularly after the assassination of Presiden...

This Day in Legal History: 11th Amendment Ratified On February 7, 1795, the 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, restricting federal judicial power over lawsuits against states. The amendment was a direct response to the Supreme Court’s 1793 decision in Chisholm v. Georgia , which held that a private citizen of one state could sue another state in federal court. This ruling alarme...

This Day in Legal History: Permanent Court of Arbitration Established On February 6, 1900, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) was officially established following the ratification of the 1899 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. This marked a major step toward institutionalizing peaceful dispute resolution between nations. The PCA, headquartered in The Hague, Neth...

This Day in Legal History: Switch in Time that Saved Nine On February 5, 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a controversial plan to expand the U.S. Supreme Court, a move that became known as the “court-packing” plan. Frustrated by the Court striking down key New Deal programs, Roosevelt sought to add up to six new justices, arguing it would make the Court more efficient. His plan allow...

This Day in Legal History: George Washington Unanimously Elected On February 4, 1789, George Washington was unanimously elected as the first President of the United States by the Electoral College, setting a precedent for democratic governance under the newly ratified Constitution. His election marked the formal beginning of the executive branch, shaping the legal and political framework of the yo...

This Day in Legal History: Chief Justice Taft Resigns On February 3, 1930, Chief Justice William Howard Taft resigned from the U.S. Supreme Court due to declining health. Taft remains the only person in American history to have served both as President (1909–1913) and as Chief Justice (1921–1930). After his presidency, he achieved what he considered his true ambition—leading the nation’s highest c...

This Day in Legal History: 13th Amendment Passed On January 31, 1865, the U.S. Congress passed the 13th Amendment, formally abolishing slavery in the United States. The amendment declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction...

This Day in Legal History: Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution On January 30, several U.S. states recognize Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution, honoring the Japanese American civil rights activist who fought against the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Korematsu was arrested in 1942 for refusing to comply with Executive Order 9066...

This Day in Legal History: Sweden Bans Aerosols On January 29, 1978, Sweden made history by becoming the first nation to ban aerosol sprays, citing concerns over their harmful impact on the ozone layer. The decision was driven by mounting scientific evidence that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), commonly used as propellants in aerosol cans, contributed to ozone depletion. At the time, international awa...

This Day in Legal History: Harlan F. Stone Appears Before Senate Judiciary Committee On January 28, 1925, Harlan Fiske Stone became the first U.S. Supreme Court nominee to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee. This marked a significant turning point in the judicial confirmation process, as prior nominees were not required to appear in person. Stone, a former Attorney General and respected...

This Day in Legal History: Paris Peace Accords On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, formally ending direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. The agreement, brokered after years of intense negotiations, was signed by representatives from the United States, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam. The key provisions...

This Day in Legal History: Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. On January 24, 1916, the United States Supreme Court issued a pivotal decision in Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. This case arose after Frank Brushaber, a shareholder of Union Pacific Railroad, filed suit against the company to challenge the federal income tax imposed on its earnings. Brushaber argued that the tax violated...

This Day in Legal History: Poll Tax Abolished On January 23, 1964, the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, marking a pivotal moment in the fight for civil rights and voting equality. This amendment abolished the use of poll taxes in federal elections, a practice that had long been used to disenfranchise low-income and minority voters, particularly African Americans. Poll...

This Day in Legal History: Cuba Suspended from OAS On January 22, 1962, the Organization of American States (OAS) took the historic step of suspending Cuba from its membership. This decision followed the Cuban Revolution, which saw Fidel Castro's government align itself with communist ideologies and the Soviet Union, marking a stark departure from the democratic and anti-communist principles uphel...

This Day in Legal History: King Louis XVI Executed On January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI of France was executed by guillotine in Paris after being convicted of treason during the French Revolution. His trial was conducted by the National Convention, a revolutionary body tasked with dismantling the monarchy and establishing a republic. Accused of conspiring against the French people and aiding foreig...

This Day in Legal History: Gary Gilmore Executed On January 17, 1977, Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad in Utah, becoming the first person to be put to death in the United States after a 10-year pause in capital punishment. This execution followed the Supreme Court's landmark 1976 decision in Gregg v. Georgia , which reinstated the death penalty under revised statutes that addressed prior...

This Day in Legal History: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act On January 16, 1883, the U.S. Congress enacted the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, a landmark piece of legislation that fundamentally transformed federal employment practices. The act was a response to widespread corruption and inefficiency in the government, fueled by the patronage or "spoils" system, which awarded jobs based on po...

This Day in Legal History: MLK Born On January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr., one of the most influential figures in American history, was born in Atlanta, Georgia. As a Baptist minister and leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King played a pivotal role in advancing racial equality and social justice in the United States. His commitment to nonviolent protest, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, led to...

This Day in Legal History: Treaty of Paris On January 14, 1784, the Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris, formally concluding the American Revolutionary War. This monumental event solidified the United States' independence from Great Britain, marking a turning point in world history. Negotiated in 1783 and signed on September 3 of that year, the treaty was a carefully crafted agreemen...

This Day in Legal History: Wilder Elected First Black Governor On January 13, 1990, Lawrence Douglas Wilder made history by becoming the first African American elected governor of a U.S. state, taking office as the 66th governor of Virginia. Sworn in by former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr., Wilder's inauguration symbolized a milestone in American political and civil rights history...

This Day in Legal History: Standard Oil Rising On January 10, 1870, John D. Rockefeller and his partners incorporated the Standard Oil Company, marking a pivotal moment in American industrial and legal history. Standard Oil quickly became a dominant force in the oil industry, employing innovative practices such as vertical integration and aggressive pricing to outcompete rivals. By the late 19th c...

This Day in Legal History: Birth of Nixon On January 9, 1913, Richard Milhous Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, a man destined to leave a complicated and indelible mark on American history. Nixon is perhaps the most paradoxical of U.S. presidents—on one hand, he created the Environmental Protection Agency, championed detente with the Soviet Union, and opened diplomatic relations with Chin...