General Surgery in English

This episode delves into  Nipple Discharge , distinguishing benign (ANDI-related) from pathological causes using the "four S" criteria. We detail diagnostic approaches (ultrasonography, ductoscopy) and age-specific management, from reassurance to microdochectomy or Hadfield’s procedure, ensuring optimal care while excluding malignancy.

This episode covers  Disorders of the Nipple , including congenital and acquired conditions like inversion, retraction, infections, and Paget’s disease. We highlight pathophysiology, clinical clues (e.g., fish-mouth retraction in periductal mastitis vs. circumferential retraction in carcinoma), and surgical/non-surgical treatments—emphasizing key takeaways from  Bailey & Love . Ideal for train...

This episode provides a comprehensive review of Fibroadenoma and Phyllodes Tumour, covering their clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management strategies. Learn when to observe versus excise fibroadenomas and the critical surgical principles for phyllodes tumours to minimize recurrence. Essential listening for surgeons and trainees managing breast lumps!

Join us in Episode 6 as we explore Breast Cysts and Galactoceles—covering their pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and practical management. Learn when to observe, aspirate, or biopsy, and gain clarity on counseling patients, especially lactating mothers with galactoceles. Essential listening for surgeons at all training levels!

Join us in Episode 05 as we break down the differential diagnosis of  Discrete Breast Lumps , covering benign (fibroadenoma, abscess) and malignant (carcinoma, phyllodes) causes. Key insights on evanescent lumps and ruptured cysts help refine diagnostic skills for surgeons at all levels.

In Episode 04, we discuss  Mastalgia —a common breast pain affecting 50–70% of women. Learn to differentiate  cyclical  (hormone-related) and  non-cyclical  (localized, often musculoskeletal) types, key diagnostics to rule out malignancy, and evidence-based treatments from NSAIDs to antiestrogens. Essential for surgeons, residents, and students managing breast pain.

In Episode 03 of our General Surgery podcast, we delve into  Benign Breast Disease , exploring its complex nomenclature, etiology, and pathological classification under the  Aberrations of Normal Development and Involution (ANDI)  framework. We discuss the hormonal influences on breast tissue, key pathological features like hyperplasia, papillomas, and cysts, as well as their clinical presentation...

In  Episode 02: Investigations for Breast Symptoms , we delve into the essential  Triple Assessment  approach for evaluating breast lumps, nipple discharge, and related symptoms. This comprehensive method combines  clinical examination, radiological imaging (mammography, ultrasound, MRI), and tissue sampling  to achieve near-perfect diagnostic accuracy. We discuss the strengths and limitations of...

In this inaugural episode, we delve into the  comparative and surgical anatomy of the breast , a foundational topic for surgeons and trainees alike. We explore key aspects such as location, parenchymal structure (including the disease-prone TDLU), supportive tissues, and the intricate lymphatic drainage pathways—essential knowledge for clinical examination and surgical planning. Special emphasis i...

In this episode, we explore the Mathes and Nahai classification, a fundamental system for categorizing muscle flaps in reconstructive surgery. Using insights from Bailey and Love’s (28th ed.), we break down the five muscle flap types, their vascular supply, and clinical applications. Tune in to enhance your understanding of flap selection and surgical planning in reconstruction!

In this episode, let’s dive into the Chicago Classification, the gold standard for diagnosing esophageal motility disorders. Using insights from Bailey and Love’s (28th ed.) and Sabiston (21st ed.), let’s break down its key components, classifications, and clinical relevance. Tune in to understand how high-resolution manometry helps in diagnosing conditions like achalasia, esophagogastric junction...