Astral Codex Ten Podcast

Prospera Declared Unconstitutional The Honduras Supreme Court has declared charter cities , including Prospera, unconstitutional. The background: in the mid-2010s, the ruling conservative party wanted charter cities. They had already packed the Supreme Court for other reasons, so they had their captive court declare charter cities to be constitutional. In 2022, the socialists took power from the c...

An observant Jewish friend told me she has recurring dreams about being caught unprepared for Shabbat. (Shabbat is the Jewish Sabbath, celebrated every Saturday, when observant Jews are forbidden to work, drive, carry things outdoors, spend money, use electrical devices, etc.) She said that in the dreams, she would be out driving, far from home, and realize that Shabbat was due to begin in a few m...

Thanks to the 5,975 people who took the 2025 Astral Codex Ten survey. See the questions for the ACX survey See the results from the ACX Survey (click "see previous responses" on that page 1 ) I'll be publishing more complicated analyses over the course of the next year, hopefully starting later this month. If you want to scoop me, or investigate the data yourself, you can download the answers of t...

Whenever I talk about charity, a type that I'll call the "based post-Christian vitalist" shows up in the comments to tell me that I've got it all wrong. The moral impulse tells us to help our family, friends, and maybe village. It's a weird misfire, analogous to an auto-immune disease, to waste brain cycles on starving children in a far-off country who you'll never meet. You've been cucked by cent...

This is normally when I would announce the winners of the 2024 forecasting contest, but there are some complications and Metaculus has asked me to wait until they get sorted out. But time doesn't wait, and we have to get started on the new year's forecasting contest to make sure there's enough time for events to happen or not. That means the 2025 contest is now open! https://www.astralcodexten.com...

[I haven't independently verified each link. On average, commenters will end up spotting evidence that around two or three of the links in each links post are wrong or misleading. I correct these as I see them, and will highlight important corrections later, but I can't guarantee I will have caught them all by the time you read this.] https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/links-for-january-2025

Shaked Koplewitz writes : Doesn't Lynn's IQ measure also suffer from the IQ/g discrepancy that causes the Flynn effect? That is, my understanding of the Flynn effect is that IQ doesn't exactly measure g (the true general intelligence factor) but measures some proxy that is somewhat improved by literacy/education, and for most of the 20th century those were getting better leading to improvements in...

Richard Lynn was a scientist who infamously tried to estimate the average IQ of every country. Typical of his results is this paper , which ranged from 60 (Malawi) to 108 (Singapore). Lynn's national IQ estimates ( source ) People obviously objected to this, and Lynn spent his life embroiled in controversy, with activists constantly trying to get him canceled/fired and his papers retracted/condemn...

I was surprised to see someone with such experience in the pharmaceutical industry say this, because it goes against how I understood the FDA to work. My model goes: FDA procedures require certain bureaucratic tasks to be completed before approving drugs. Let's abstract this into "processing 1,000 forms". Suppose they have 100 bureaucrats, and each bureaucrat can process 10 forms per year. Seems l...

Some recent political discussion has focused on "the institutions" or "the priesthoods". I'm part of one of these (the medical establishment), so here's an inside look on what these are and what they do. Why Priesthoods? In the early days of the rationalist community, critics got very upset that we might be some kind of "individualists". Rationality, they said, cannot be effectively pursued on one...

I. No Set Gauge has a great essay on Capital, AGI, and Human Ambition , where he argues that if humankind survives the Singularity, the likely result is a future of eternal stagnant wealth inequality. The argument: post-Singularity, AI will take over all labor, including entrepreneurial labor; founding or working at a business will no longer provide social mobility. Everyone will have access to ~e...

What is the H5N1 bird flu? Will it cause the next big pandemic? If so, how bad would that pandemic be? Wait, What Even Is Flu? Flu is a disease caused by a family of related influenza viruses. Pandemic flu is always caused by the influenza A virus. Influenza A has two surface antigen proteins, hemagglutinin (18 flavors) and neuraminidase (11 flavors). A particular flu strain is named after which f...

Last week I wrote about how Claude Fights Back . A common genre of response complained that the alignment community could start a panic about the experiment's results regardless of what they were. If an AI fights back against attempts to turn it evil, then it's capable of fighting humans. If it doesn't fight back against attempts to turn it evil, then it's easily turned evil. It's heads-I-win, tai...

Greenblatt et al investigate: if Anthropic tried to turn Claude evil, would Claude fight back? (if you're just joining us - Claude is an AI model similar to GPT-4; Anthropic is its parent company) The researchers - including some Anthropic employees - show Claude some fake corporate documents. The documents show that Anthropic is tired of having a safe, harmless AI. They want to retrain Claude to...

[I haven't independently verified each link. On average, commenters will end up spotting evidence that around two or three of the links in each links post are wrong or misleading. I correct these as I see them, and will highlight important corrections later, but I can't guarantee I will have caught them all by the time you read this.] https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/links-for-december-2024

[Original post here - Prison And Crime: Much More Than You Wanted To Know ] Table of Contents: 1: Comments On Criminal Psychology 2: Comments On Policing 3: Comments On El Salvador 4: Comments On Probation 5: Comments That Say My Analysis Forgot Something 6: Comments With Proposed Solutions / Crazy Schemes 7: Other Comments

Internet addiction may not be as bad as some other forms of addiction, but it's more common (and more personal). I have young children now and wanted to learn more about it, so I included some questions in last year's ACX survey. The sample was 5,981 ACX readers (obviously non-random in terms of Internet use level!). I don't think the results were very helpful, but I post them here for the sake of...

Recently we've gotten into discussions about artistic taste (see comments on AI Art Turing Test and From Bauhaus To Our House ). This is a bit mysterious. Many (most?) uneducated people like certain art which seems "obviously" pretty. But a small group of people who have studied the issue in depth say that in some deep sense, that art is actually bad ("kitsch"), and other art which normal people d...

Like most people , Tom Wolfe didn't like modern architecture. He wondered why we abandoned our patrimony of cathedrals and palaces for a million indistinguishable concrete boxes. Unlike most people, he was a journalist skilled at deep dives into difficult subjects. The result is From Bauhaus To Our House , a hostile history of modern architecture which addresses the question of: what happened? If...

Do longer prison sentences reduce crime? It seems obvious that they should. Even if they don't deter anyone, they at least keep criminals locked up where they can't hurt law-abiding citizens. If, as the studies suggest , 1% of people commit 63% of the crime, locking up that 1% should dramatically decrease crime rates regardless of whether it scares anyone else. And blue state soft-on-crime policie...

Suppose something important will happen at a certain unknown point. As someone approaches that point, you might be tempted to warn that the thing will happen. If you're being appropriately cautious, you'll warn about it before it happens. Then your warning will be wrong. As things continue to progress, you may continue your warnings, and you'll be wrong each time. Then people will laugh at you and...

Last month, I challenged 11,000 people to classify fifty pictures as either human art or AI-generated images. I originally planned five human and five AI pictures in each of four styles: Renaissance, 19th Century, Abstract/Modern, and Digital, for a total of forty. After receiving many exceptionally good submissions from local AI artists, I fudged a little and made it fifty. The final set included...

In 1980, game theorist Robert Axelrod ran a famous Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Tournament. He asked other game theorists to send in their best strategies in the form of "bots", short pieces of code that took an opponent's actions as input and returned one of the classic Prisoner's Dilemma outputs of COOPERATE or DEFECT. For example, you might have a bot that COOPERATES a random 80% of the time, bu...

The rise of Christianity is a great puzzle. In 40 AD, there were maybe a thousand Christians. Their Messiah had just been executed, and they were on the wrong side of an intercontinental empire that had crushed all previous foes. By 400, there were forty million, and they were set to dominate the next millennium of Western history. Imagine taking a time machine to the year 2300 AD, and everyone is...

I. Polymarket (and prediction markets in general) had an amazing Election Night. They called states impressively early and accurately , kept the site stable through what must have been incredible strain, and have successfully gotten prediction markets in front of the world ( including the Trump campaign ). From here it's a flywheel; victory building on victory. Enough people heard of them this ele...