Pro-PA Podcast

In this episode, we break down Hemolytic Anemia —a group of disorders caused by premature destruction of red blood cells. Learn the difference between intravascular vs extravascular hemolysis, hallmark lab findings (elevated LDH, low haptoglobin, indirect hyperbilirubinemia), and key signs like jaundice, dark urine, and splenomegaly. A must-know category before diving into specific subtypes like G...

This episode explores Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) —a normocytic (or sometimes microcytic) anemia seen in patients with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancy. Learn how cytokine-driven iron sequestration and decreased erythropoiesis lead to this condition. We’ll break down the labs (low serum iron, low TIBC, normal/high ferritin) and treatment strategies. #AnemiaOfChronicDisease #ACD...

This episode unpacks Megaloblastic Anemia , a macrocytic anemia caused by impaired DNA synthesis—most commonly due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency . We’ll cover classic signs like glossitis, neurologic changes, and hypersegmented neutrophils, along with key differences between B12 and folate deficiency. Don’t miss the Pro-PA tips on Schilling test and dietary causes. #MegaloblasticAnemia #Macr...

In this episode, we cover Lead Poisoning Anemia , a microcytic anemia caused by disrupted heme synthesis due to lead toxicity. Learn the clinical signs (abdominal pain, neurologic symptoms), key labs (basophilic stippling, elevated lead levels), and treatment with chelation therapy. High-yield for boards and real-life pediatric encounters. #LeadPoisoning #MicrocyticAnemia #BasophilicStippling #PAs...

This episode covers Sideroblastic Anemia , a microcytic anemia characterized by iron overload and defective heme synthesis. Learn how to recognize this less common but high-yield condition, its causes (congenital vs acquired), and the hallmark ringed sideroblasts on bone marrow biopsy. Includes key pearls on lead poisoning and B6 deficiency. #SideroblasticAnemia #MicrocyticAnemia #RingedSideroblas...

In this episode, we dig into Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) —the most common form of anemia worldwide. Learn the causes, classic lab findings (low ferritin, high TIBC), symptoms like pica and glossitis, and how to treat it effectively. Includes Pro-PA tips for remembering iron studies and red flag features like GI bleeding. #IronDeficiencyAnemia #IDA #MicrocyticAnemia #PAstudent #PANCEprep #ProPAPod...

This episode provides a high-yield summary of the major types of anemia , organized by MCV category. We’ll touch on iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, B12/folate deficiency, hemolytic anemias, and more. Use this quick overview as a roadmap before diving deeper into individual anemia subtypes in the episodes ahead. #AnemiaTypes #MCVApproach #PAstudent #PANCEprep #ProPAPodcast

Before diving into the many subtypes of anemia, this episode walks you through a structured approach to anemia using the MCV-based classification . Learn how to sort microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic causes, and how to use key labs like reticulocyte count, iron studies, and peripheral smears to narrow your differential. Build your clinical reasoning from the ground up! #Anemia #HematologyBasi...

In this episode, we unpack Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) —a life-threatening condition where widespread clotting and bleeding occur simultaneously. Understand the triggers (like sepsis and trauma), lab findings (elevated D-dimer, low fibrinogen), and management strategies. A high-yield emergency topic every PA student should master. #DIC #Coagulopathy #Hematology #PAstudent #PANCEpr...

This episode breaks down Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) —a paradoxical prothrombotic reaction to heparin. We’ll walk through the immune-mediated mechanism, how to recognize the timing and red flags, and how to apply the 4Ts score. Learn how to stop the bleeding (literally and figuratively) with appropriate alternative anticoagulants. #HIT #Thrombocytopenia #HeparinComplications #PAstudent...

In this high-yield episode, we dive into Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) —a hematologic emergency characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and organ dysfunction. Learn the classic pentad, the role of ADAMTS13, and why early plasma exchange is life-saving. Fast facts to keep you sharp for clinical practice and the PANCE. #TTP #HematologyEmergency #PAstudent #P...

In this episode, we review Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) —an acquired autoimmune condition that leads to isolated low platelet counts. Learn how to distinguish acute vs. chronic ITP, common presentations like petechiae and bruising, and when to treat versus monitor. Perfect for mastering a common yet often misunderstood cause of thrombocytopenia. #ITP #Thrombocytopenia #BleedingDisorders #...

This episode explores Hemophilia C , a rare bleeding disorder caused by Factor XI deficiency . Unlike Hemophilia A and B, this condition often presents with variable bleeding severity and is not strictly X-linked. We cover key epidemiologic patterns (especially in Ashkenazi Jewish populations), diagnostic considerations, and when treatment is truly needed. #HemophiliaC #FactorXIDeficiency #RareBle...

In this episode, we focus on Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) —the most common inherited bleeding disorder. Learn how this condition affects platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability, the key clinical presentations (like mucosal bleeding), and how to diagnose and manage the different types of VWD. High-yield pearls and testable facts packed into one quick listen! #VonWillebrandDisease #VWD #Bleeding...

Before diving into bleeding and clotting disorders, this episode provides a foundational review of the coagulation cascade —including the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways. We simplify factor activation, lab correlations (PT, aPTT), and give you the memory tools you need to confidently approach any coagulation-related question. A must-listen for anchoring your hematology knowledge! #Coagul...

In this episode of the HEME101 series, we break down the key differences between Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B , both classic bleeding disorders caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII and IX, respectively. We'll cover inheritance patterns, clinical presentation, diagnostic clues, and treatment strategies to help you master these high-yield conditions for your exam—and your future pati...

Ready to test your neuro knowledge? In this rapid-fire review episode, Dr. G brings you a blitz of multiple-choice questions spanning the entire NEURO101 series—from seizures and strokes to neuropathies and neoplasms. Perfect for listeners preparing for the PANCE, PANRE, or a didactic exam, this episode challenges you to think critically, recall high-yield facts, and apply clinical reasoning on th...

In this fast-paced Flash-PANCE episode, Dr. G delivers a high-yield review of key Neurology concepts covered throughout the NEURO101 series—from headaches and seizures to strokes, neuropathies, and CNS tumors. This review is designed for quick recall and pattern recognition, perfect for last-minute board prep or clinical refreshers. ⚡️Please note: this is not a comprehensive review of all neurolo...

In this high-yield episode, Dr. G breaks down Brain Metastasis , the most common type of brain tumor in adults. Learn how to distinguish metastatic lesions from primary brain tumors, which cancers most commonly spread to the brain (hint: think lung, breast, and melanoma), and what to look for on imaging. We'll also cover clinical presentation, management strategies, and key board-worthy facts...

In this focused episode, Dr. G dives into Primary CNS Lymphoma , a rare but aggressive brain tumor most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV/AIDS. We'll cover hallmark features like deep periventricular lesions on MRI, its association with Epstein-Barr virus, and the classic response to corticosteroids. Tune in to learn how this lymphoma differs from systemic d...

In this high-yield episode, Dr. G explores Medulloblastoma , the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Learn how it arises in the cerebellum and can cause symptoms like ataxia, increased intracranial pressure, and gait disturbances. We break down the imaging findings, histologic features, treatment strategies—including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy—and what makes this tumor distinc...

In this episode, Dr. G dives into Anaplastic Astrocytoma , a WHO grade III glioma that sits between low-grade astrocytomas and glioblastoma in both behavior and prognosis. We’ll walk through how this tumor presents clinically, the importance of MRI and histologic grading, and what distinguishes it from other astrocytic tumors. Tune in to get a clear, concise understanding of this high-grade but no...

In this power-packed episode, Dr. G breaks down Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) — the most aggressive and common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Learn why GBM is notorious for its rapid progression, necrotic core, and "butterfly" appearance on imaging. We’ll cover hallmark symptoms, key histopathologic findings like pseudopalisading necrosis, and current treatment approaches, incl...

In this episode, Dr. G dives into Hemangioblastoma , a rare, highly vascular CNS tumor often linked to von Hippel–Lindau disease . Found primarily in the cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord, these tumors may present with symptoms related to mass effect or increased intracranial pressure. We’ll explore the classic imaging features, associated retinal angiomas and renal tumors in VHL, and discuss...

In this episode, Dr. G explores Ependymoma , a glial tumor arising from the ependymal lining of the ventricles or spinal canal—most commonly affecting children, especially in the 4th ventricle. We'll cover common presenting symptoms like hydrocephalus, its hallmark perivascular pseudorosettes on histology, and key imaging findings. Whether it's PANCE prep or reinforcing your neuro knowledg...